Structures Available to Small Voluntary Organizations Case Study - 6

Structures Available to Small Voluntary Organizations - Case Study Example Despite of there is a rather thorough interview process for volunteers that is aimed at determining the skill-need matches as well as a prior verbal scheduling of all the volunteer times, there seems to be a pertinent problem with the communication process at the organization as the volunteer supervisor constantly did not have the projects ready for the volunteers to work on during their previously agreed upon volunteer time slots. This persistent lack of a communication plan and clear communication processes is seen to have resulted in there being diminished enthusiasm for the cause fronted by the volunteer organization. There are a number of different communication processes that can effectively be used by small voluntary organizations; these processes which include the horizontal communication processes, diagonal communication processes, lateral communication processes and vertical communication processes. Horizontal Communication Processes: Horizontal communication structures and processes which are also referred to as lateral communication are defined as being the flow of messages across the different functional areas at a given level within the organization. In lateral communication processes, people working at the same level within an organization are able to communicate directly with each other without their having to go through the different levels of the organization. Lateral Communication Processes: Lateral communication processes and structures are seen to involve communication which occurs between individuals that do not stand in any form of a hierarchical relationship with each other. Diagonal Communication Processes: Diagonal communication structures and processes are seen to refer to communication that occurs between an organization’s workers and managers who happen to be located at different functional levels.

Microeconomic Theory Essay Example for Free

Microeconomic Theory Essay 1. Explain why society faces a trade-off between consumption goods and capital goods. Society is faced with trade off between consumption goods and capital goods in that resources are scarce, and therefore it has to make choices based on the opportunity costs of benefiting from consumption at present or having a greater level of consumption tomorrow through investment in capital goods. 2. Distinguish between absolute and comparative advantage. Absolute advantage refers to that trade, which is not reciprocally favorable as opposed to a Comparative trade, where trade is reciprocally favorable. 3. Explain the Law of Demand. The law of demand states that as the price of a service or good increases, consumer demand for the service or good will decrease and vice versa, provided all other factors remain constant. 4. Explain the Law of Supply The law of supply states that as the price of a service or good increases, the quantity of services or goods tendered by suppliers increases and vice versa, provided all the factors remain constant. 5. Explain the effects of price ceilings. It is a kind of government measure, where it fixes a limit on the price to be charged on a product. Effective price ceiling must be different from the free market price. A price ceiling positioned below the free market price will put suppliers in a state where they can no longer charge what they had been charging, for that particular product. This will force some suppliers to move out of the market, hence reduction in the quantity produced. On the other side quantity demanded will increase for the same product because consumers are able to buy at a lower price. Since quantity demanded exceeds quantity produced, a shortage will occur and it will result to non-price competition 6. Explain the effects of price floors. It is a kind of government measure where it imposes a limit on the lowest price that can be charged on a product and for it to be effective it must be set higher than the equilibrium price. When the price floor is position above the market equilibrium price, consumers observe that they now have to pay a higher price for that particular product. Suppliers, on the other part are ensured higher price than what they were charging before. This has the effect of increasing production, hence excess supply of the product in the market. Thus to maintain price floor over a longer period, the government will be forced to take action to reduce the excess supply 7. Distinguish between private goods and public goods and explain the nature of the free-rider problem. Private goods are the kind of goods whose profits, are indivisibly spread over the whole community, even if the individuals do not desire to purchase it. While private goods refers to the ones that are divisible and can be provided separately to various individuals, without external costs or benefits to others. Positive externalities that are not remunerated normally result from the production of public goods. When private organizations are not getting all the profits of a public good that they have produced, there will be no sufficient incentives to produce it voluntarily. Hence, consumers will take advantage of public goods without sufficiently contributing to their production. Distinguish between average tax rates and marginal tax rates. Average tax rate refers to the total amount of taxes paid divide by income. It shows the sum of tax paid per dollar earned while marginal tax rate refers to the income tax rate paid on the last dollar of income earned 9. Distinguish between average tax rates and marginal tax rates. Average tax rate refers to the total amount of taxes paid divide by income. It shows the sum of tax paid per dollar earned while marginal tax rate refers to the income tax rate paid on the last dollar of income earned 10. Explain the structure of the US income tax system. The structure of US tax system is very complex one that entails payment to at least four various levels of government and many ways of taxation. US taxation comprises local government possibly consisting of one or more of township, municipal, county and district governments. It may also embrace regional entities like school and utility and transit districts as well as incorporating federal government and state 11. Describe how prices indexes are calculated and define the key types of price indexes Price indexes refers to a standardized average or a weighted average of prices for a given category of services and goods in a given place, over a given intermission of time Types of price indexes include consumer price index, producer price index and GDP deflator 12. Distinguish between nominal and real interest rates. Nominal interest is the rate of interest prior to adjustment for inflation in contrast to real interest rate and it encompasses all three risk factors plus the time value of money in contrast to real interest rate, which includes only systematic and regulatory risks. Generally, real interest rate is equal to nominal interest rate minus inflation and currency adjustment. 13. Describe the circular flow of income and output. The circular flow of income and output shows joint flow of income between consumers and producers. The mutually supporting entities of consumers and producers, referred to as households and firms respectively offer each other with factors to facilitate the easy flow of income. Firms supply consumers with services and goods in exchange for consumer spending and factors of production from the household. 14. Define gross domestic product (GDP). Gross domestic product is the total market value of all the final services and goods produced within a country over a given period. 15. Define economic growth. Economic growth refers to the sturdy process by which the productive capacity of the economy is increased over time to produce growing levels of national income and output 16. Discuss the fundamental factors that contribute to a nation’s economic development. Policies of national development need to be formulate in conformity with national needs, development priorities and conditions and should focus on the lessons erudite from decades of development. International cooperation in the formulation and implementation of macroecomic policies need to be reinforcing with an analysis to enhancing greater lucidity and consistency of domestic policies and in so doing reinforcing their effectiveness. 17. Describe the effect of economic growth on the long-run aggregate supply curve. Economic growth will cause the aggregate supply curve to shift. Positive economic growth will lead to increase in productive resources that will make it possible to produce more final services and goods, thus the natural level of real GDP increases. Positive economic growth will make the LAS curve to shift to the right and vice versa 18. Discuss the meaning of the long-run equilibrium for the economy as a whole. Long run equilibrium refers to where the aggregate demand and long run aggregate supply curves intersect. Output is fixed and the price level is variable in the long- run. Thus increases in aggregate demand leads to higher prices and vice versa 19. Discuss the central assumptions of the classical model. The central assumptions of classical model are that it assumes that economic agents’ posses’ perfect information and the markets are characterized by perfectly flexible wages and prices. The result of these assumptions if functional on the short run with fixed capital stock is that output is dogged by independent supply factors 20. Describe the short-run determination of equilibrium real GDP and the price level in the classical model. The aggregate supply-aggregate demand is the fundamental macroeconomic tool for studying output variations and the resolve of the price level and inflation rate. The intersection of the aggregate demand and supply curves determines the economy’s equilibrium price level and equilibrium real domestic output 21. Distinguish between saving and savings and explain how saving and consumption are related. Saving refers to that process of constantly putting aside a sum of money while savings is that income received by a consumer not used in the output of firms through spending. Savings and consumption can be related in the equation where income is equal to the sum of savings and expenditure (consumption) 22. Identify the primary determinants of planned investment. The primary determinants of a planned investment include the expected return from investments, the taxation of returns, the cost of capital in relation to interest rate and the ease of use of savings to meet investments 23. Discuss ways in which indirect crowding out and direct expenditures offsets can reduce the effectiveness of fiscal policy actions. Inflation has an indirect outcome on international competitiveness. As prices increase, products tend to be more expensive relative to foreign products. This will result to reduced demand for exports as compared to imports. Net export being a parameter of aggregate demand will contracts GDP and partly offsets the expansionary fiscal policy. Expansionary fiscal policy makes interest rates to increase because the government must borrow to finance the increased deficit. The government raises revenues through taxes or borrowing. Hence, as the interest increases, private investment decreases. In the short run, it will decrease private investment demand, a parameter of aggregate demand and this will effectively lower GDP. Describe how certain aspects of fiscal policy function as automatic stabilizers for the economy. Automatic stabilizers are programs that automatically increase fiscal policy during recessions and contract it during booms. Unemployment insurance is an exemplar of automatic stabilizer in that the government spends more money for the period of recessions when unemployment rate is high. Equally, taxes are roughly proportional to profits and wages; hence, the size of taxes collected is higher during boom than recession. 25. Explain how federal government budget deficits occur. Federal government deficit occurs when it pays out more money than it can receive 26. Define the public debt and understand alternative measures of the public debt. Public debt refers to the credit or money owed by any echelon of government; federal government, central government and municipal government or local government. The debt is seen as an absolute number and can therefore measured as a percentage of the GDP. Alternatively, it can be measured by the amount owed in any given year. 27. Define the fundamental functions of money. Money can be described in terms of its core functions that are; it act as a medium of exchange, store of value and as a unit of account. 28. Identify key properties that any good that functions as money must possess. Properties of money is that it should be able to serve as (1) means of exchange (2) a enumerative (3)a source of liquidity and (4) store of value 29. Describe how the Federal Reserve assesses reserve requirements on banks and other depository institutions. The reserve requirement is a bank rule that puts the minimum reserves each bank must hold to customer notes and deposits. The reserves are meant to assure withdrawal demands. Federal Reserve approval is essential to begin any foreign banking institution in the US. Foreign banks need acquire regulatory approval from the OCC or the state banking supervisor when establishing new branches and agencies. Banks that are federally licensed must deposit cash or suitable securities at approved depository to convince the capital equivalency requirements specified by the IBA 30. Explain why the money supply changes when someone deposits in a depository institution a check drawn on the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve buys and sells government securities. These, increases or decreases banks capabilities of making loans. This equally decreases or increases interest rates. If Federal Reserve sells a bond, an institution or individual buys the bond with a debit on their account and transfers the funds to the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve removes an equivalent amount from the bank reserve of the customer. The bank will then take away the equivalent amount from the customer’s account who bought the bond. This will decrease money supply and increase interest rates. The trend changes when the Federal Reserve decides to buy a bond 31. Identify the key factors that influence the quantity of money that people desire to hold. Motives for holding money, which can be expressed as factors that influence people to hold money, are transaction motives, precautionary motives and speculative motives 32. Describe how the Federal Reserves Tools of monetary policy influence market interest rates. The Federal Reserve buys and sells government securities. These increases or decreases banks capabilities of making loans. This equally decreases or increases interest rates. If Federal Reserve sells a bond, an institution or individual buys the bond with a debit on their account and transfers the funds to the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve then removes an equivalent amount from the bank reserve of the customer. The bank will then take away the equivalent amount from the customer’s account who bought the bond. This will decrease money supply and increase interest rates. The trend changes when the Federal Reserve decides to buy a bond 33. Explain why the actual unemployment might depart from the natural rate of unemployment. The departure of the natural and actual rates of unemployment is a sign of the business cycle. The stages when actual unemployment exceeds the natural unemployment are times of recession or early stages of economic recovery. The stages when actual rate is below the natural are times of a booming economy 34. Describe why there may be an inverse relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate, reflected by the Phillips curve. The inverse relationship in the Philips curve can be explained well when you consider that with high unemployment laborers would accept lower wages and this would reduce firms’ cost. High wages bring about high inflation and the lower the rate of unemployment, the higher the rate of inflation and vice versa. 35. Explain why population growth can have uncertain effect on economic growth. There is no clear-cut explanation of the effect of population growth on economic growth. It can be argued that high population growth creates pressures on limited natural resources, decreases public and private capital formation and redirects counts to maintaining relative to increasing the stock of capital per worker. It can also have affirmative effects like economies of scale and specialization. Describe how government inefficiencies have contributed to the creation of relatively large quantities of dead capital in the worlds developing nations. Government poor policies make capital investment impossible. The government tends to involve in the production of consumption goods that are less important. The rate at which the economy can absorb extra human capital is low and therefore it leaves the available resource idle. The government is also not receptive to new technology whish is important in the formation of capital. Discuss the worldwide importance of international trade. International trade is very crucial for the development of a country in that it expands the choices that could otherwise been limited to what can be produced locally. Thus, countries can access goods and services cheaply from abroad. Labor can also be obtained cheaply in some countries. Cheap labor reduces production costs and this will have effect to low prices to the final product. Therefore, countries can import final product at a much lower price compared to when produced locally where labor is very expensive. Explain why nations can gain from specializing in production and engaging in international trade. A country specializing in the production of goods which it has comparative advantage will profit and it will trade for goods which it does not have comparative advantage. Therefore, free trade will make a country to use its resources efficiently. Efficient use of resources will increase the amount of goods available for production and consumption. Hence, the benefits of trade will be the outcome of specialization 39. Distinguish between the balance of trade and the balance of payments. The balance refers to discrepancy between a county’s exports and imports and it is the major part of a country’s balance of payments, which is an accounting report of the economic transactions that have taken place stuck between the inhabitants of one country and the inhabitants of other country over a particular period. 40. Identify the key accounts within the balance of payments. Key accounts within the balance of payments are current account, capital account and financial account. References Ariel, R. Lecture Notes in Microeconomic Theory: The Economic Agent. New York: Princeton University Press, 2006

Policies for War Reporting in the Media

Policies for War Reporting in the Media PART V : THE WAY AHEAD â€Å"Smart generals understand all too well that wars can be won on the world’s television screens as well as on the battlefield†. Alvin and Heidi Toffler in â€Å"War and Anti War†. Media Policy Enumerate National Information and Media Policies. The government must enumerate national information and media policies and the aspect of defence coverage, in peacetime, conventional and LIC environment, must be adequately covered. Maj Gen Arjun Ray highlights the difference between the two. The information policy concerns the right of the citizen to information within and without the government , and the enactment of laws to facilitate such a flow. Media policy on the other hand includes all elements relating to information and communications to cover its relations with the media[2]. Statement of Policy.The media policy must address the core issue of defining the degree and kind of restraints to be placed on the media during peace, low intensity conflict and war in order to ensure positive media coverage without loss of credibility and endangering operational security and troop safety. It must lay down the media objectives, priorities, methods, means and constraints for the three situations. Transparency and Media Pools.Transparency must form a corner stone of the media policy as it will lead to greater public understanding and awareness which in turn will lead to greater appreciation and public confidence in the armed forces. One way of achieving this is by forming ‘Media Pools’ at different levels from services headquarters to corps. These pools must be composed of accredited and security-cleared representatives of different national and regional media and nominated by their parent organisations. These pools must be activated during exercises, low intensity conflicts and war and kept in readiness to be moved to the scene of action at short notice. Such a system will facilitate the media to cover operations in remote locations by being present at the scene of action, which it cannot otherwise do and at the same time facilitate the army in planning for handling and assisting media without compromising on security. Joint Security Review. A system of joint security review must be worked out in consultation with the Press Council of India and eminent media persons to replace the system of pre-censorship during peace and operations. This will go a long way towards enhancing the credibility of the armed forces. Accreditation of Defence Correspondents.Requisite qualifications for defence correspondents, such as a degree in defence studies and the ‘Defence Correspondents Course’ must be made mandatory for a journalist to be accredited as a defence correspondent. Efforts must be made to grant accreditation to adequate number of representatives of regional media, especially in areas affected by or having the potential for LIC. Self Restraint by Media.Self restraint by media is any day preferable to pre censorship and will only enhance media credibility. A list of sensitive issues on which the media must exercise restraint and different sets of security guidelines for covering defence matters during peace, exercises, LIC and war must be evolved in consultation with the media and notified to the media and their organisation such as the Press Council of India. Official Secrets Act.The Official Secrets Act 1923 must be revised to incorporate the damage potential of a piece of information as the overriding factor in determining whether or not its disclosure and receiver are guilty. Such a step will be a big stride towards recognition of the ‘right to know’ in a democracy[1]. Interaction with Foreign Media.Interaction with foreign media abroad can be left to the Indian mission located in that country. However, the DIPO should have the authority and the where-with-all to deal with international media in New Delhi. Similar flexibility would need to be made available at the Regional Command level. PR Organisation Setting up of an Apex Body. There is a clear need to replace the DPR with an integrated body to coordinate the functions of various Public Relations Organizations. For instance in the LIC environment there is a case of overlapping authority, where the armed forces and the numerous Central Police Organisations have their own Public Relation Departments, with different perceptions, interpretations and claims. These need to be coordinated by an Apex Body as they affect official credibility. This Apex Body should comprise officials and media specialists of sufficient standing to be included in high level policy meetings. It should include representative from the military, the media and the affected states. This Body should issue media policy directives, evaluate the need and level of controls to be imposed and be a fountainhead for information release. This should be headed by a Joint Secretary (PR), who should act as a spokesman for the Ministry of Defence, and should report directly to the Defence Secretary. He can be drawn from the armed forces or the All India Services, but more importantly should be chosen because of his background and experience in matters relating to national security and the military. On the formation of a National Security Council, this Apex body could form an important part of it, for dissemination of information and as an interface with the media. Media and Psychological Operations Directorate-Corps of PR. The armed forces Public Relation Department needs to be organised into a uniformed joint service organisation, the Corps of PR, under the Chiefs of Defence Staff (CDS). This is so, as the PR organisation is the basic vehicle available to the Services to counter terrorist and military propaganda. The existing organisation is ill suited to handle the psychological nature of media operations in the LIC and counter-terrorism scenario. The appointment of an Additional Director General (Media and Psychological Operations) and the setting up of a Directorate functioning under the CDS, to coordinate the media needs of the Services, would be a step in the right direction. The ADG should be assisted by PR Staff drawn from the three Services, and needs to function in close coordination with their operations and intelligence staff. Establishment of Army Liaison Cell.It is an innovation since 1996 which has virtually taken over the task of providing information on operational matters. A similar cell was set up during Kargil which achieved outstanding results[3]. It is headed by a Brigadier at Army HQ in South Block who functions directly under the Vice Chief of Army Staff and hence enjoys better access to all formation commands in the country, which the DPR does not have. The protocol between the Cell and the media should be clearly defined in the larger interest of defence media coverage. Also, the Cell needs to be relocated as it is housed in a prohibited area to which the media has no easy access. Establishment of Media and Psychological Operation Cells (MAPO). At each command and corps HQs, and their equivalent levels in the other two services, these cells should be established to cater for the media needs of the respective formations. In formations involved in LIC and counter- insurgency operations additional staff can be authorised on their establishment to cover the operational requirements of various divisions and brigades under them. Particular attention is required for staffing these cells as the officers selected as PROs should be highly motivated career officers, with the requisite aptitude and training for media handling. Selection and Training of PROs. Officers with aptitude and potential for creative writing and media management should be deputed for professional courses in media related activities or mass communications at the university level. On completion of training they should form the core for staffing the Corps of PR and MAPO cells at various levels. The officers so selected should be ‘up coming’ career officers, who should be given adequate incentives to choose this stream as a career option. They should attend courses conducted at the Indian Institute of Mass Communications (IIMC) periodically as they rise in service. At the Apex level the ADG (Media and Psy Ops) should be top professionals with adequate experience in combating LIC and counter – insurgency operations, and a flair for media handling. Provisions should also be made through which the Government can directly induct suitably qualified personnel from the media into the Defence Media Management organisation wh en required. Rank and Status of the PROs.The rank and status of the PROs needs to be elevated and the balance of the armed forces made to recognise their importance in the battle field, during LIC and military operations other than war. Exclusive Cadre of Defence Information Officers. At the DPR level, the Ministry of Defence should evolve an exclusive cadre of Defence Information Officers who can be posted to various locations according to the demands and needs of the three services. Ex servicemen could be inducted into such a service if they have the aptitude. Posting of Officers to PR Corps.It is recommended that only selection grade officers from the three services, with sufficient knowledge of various disciplines of the defence forces should be posted to the PR organisation. They should also have a reasonable tenure to maintain continuity as otherwise they are not likely to maintain interest. Budget and Resources.The PR budget of a defence establishment of this size must be increased manifold from the current level. Reccomendations for the Armed Forces Information Warfare – Principle of War. Information warfare for military operations should be conducted concurrently with operational planning as a Principle of War. This should be institutionalized at the level of policy formation[4]. Media an Equal Partner. In our democratic nation the media should be accepted as an equal partner working for the good of the people and the country at large. In the effort towards building a more positive image of the armed forces, the media must be encouraged to report on operations by being present at the scene of action if security permits. Rapport with Media.A conscious effort needs to be made to build up a rapport with media at all levels and more so at the level of senior commanders and staff officers. Interaction by way of organising seminars and guest lectures, mutual visits, inviting articles of eminent media persons in professional military journals and contribution of papers for professional media journals by service officers must be encouraged at all levels as a matter of policy. Media should also be invited to military events such as fire power demonstrations, tactical exercises, sports and welfare activities and ceremonial functions in Officers’ Messes[5]. Ground rules . A set of firm ground rules should be established as a guide for a mutually beneficial relationship. This relationship should be based on a positive, open and anti-media bias of the Armed Forces; and the media on its part should be objective and fair, as also be understanding about the constraints under which the military has to operate. Surveys and Opinion Polls – Need for a Regular Feed Back System. To ensure that the media coverage of the armed forces remains focused and positive, and to gauge its effect on the public from different regions; and on troops and their families, a system of obtaining regular feed back must be instituted. This could be obtained through the conduct of surveys and opinion polls conducted by renowned and recognized organisations. The information so obtained through these methods must form the basis for the formulation of a media strategy for the projection of a correct image of the armed forces. Training of Officers. Media and its handling must form part of the curriculum at all stages of an officers career starting from pre-commission training in the academies to post-commission training in all arms courses right up to senior levels, especially at the Defence Services Staff College. Commands and corps must also organise cadres and seminars on this subject for the benefit of other officers. Innovative methods of media training must be incorporated in all exercises and wargames for commanders and staff officers. Training of Troops. Dealing with media must form a part of various promotion cadres for Non Commissioned and Junior Commissioned Officers. In addition troops must be briefed regularly and practised in handling media persons during exercises. Training of Media Persons. Efforts must be made in consultation with the Press Council of India, various media organizations, University Grants Commission and leading universities conducting courses in journalism to incorporate defence awareness programmes and specifics of defence journalism in their curriculum. The scope of the War Correspondents courses presently conducted at the Intelligence School, Pune must be enhanced and it should be made a compulsory prerequisite for accredition as a defence correspondent. An advanced/refresher course should be designed for interested senior defence correspondents. Training should also be imparted by incorporating the media in various formation level exercises and wargames, to enable them to familiarize with combat environment. General Staff Pamphlets. All aspects of media handling by the army including the role and effect of media in various operations must be published as a General Staff publication. Current series of publications on ‘Operations of War’ and ‘Counter Insurgency Operations’ must be modified to incorporate a chapter on media. In order to foster a symbiotic relationship with media we must have a hard and deep look at our attitudes towards the media, both individual and organizational. Before any organizational change is possible attitudinal focus is essential. We need to brush off the stifling colonial mindsets and join the information age in an aggressive manner. The Army must become less sensitive to media reports and must view them as constructive criticism. We cannot and must not expect an adulatory or laudatory media all the time as was the case in Kargil. The Army must accept the fact that the media is an ally and must be treated as such . In the information age synergy with the media is a force multiplier. ________________________________________________________________________ 1 Dinesh Kumar, â€Å"Media Management Survival kit for Armed Forces† , Times of India, 24 Nov 2000. 2 Ray Arjun , Major General, Kashmir Diary, Psychology of Militancy, Manas Publications, 1997, pp113. 3 Adrianwala, op.cit. pp12 4 Natrajan V C, op. cit. pp 36. 5 Dutt J K, â€Å"Media and the Military†, The Statesman ,26 Jul 98. [1] 1 Dinesh Kumar, â€Å"Media Management Survival kit for Armed Forces† , Times of India, 24 Nov 2000. [2] Ray Arjun , Major General, Kashmir Diary, Psychology of Militancy, Manas Publications, 1997, pp113. [1] Indian Media And War Maturity Media Essay [3] Adrianwala, op.cit. pp12 [4] [5]

Iconography and Iconology of an Advertisement Essay -- Society Image A

Iconography and Iconology of an Advertisement Looking at the art of the past, we see many images depicting nude women. From Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus to Ingres’s Grande Odelisque, many artists like the idea of painting a woman in the nude in an interesting pose. Even modern images in contemporary magazines depict nude images. Yves Saint Laurent’s advertisement of their fragrance Opium depicts a nude woman covering her breast. Her pose is a symbol of the iconography, while beauty serves as the iconology. The understanding of the iconography and iconology of this image by contemporary society comes from the fact that the nude image was depicted in the great art of the past; however, the fact that society has become contemporary also serves to hinder their understanding of nude images. The woman’s pose in the advertisment is depicted much like that of many great paintings from the past. Depictions of nude women began in the ancient Greek times when Praxiteles made a statue of Aphrodite. As Marilyn Stokstad explains in the textbook Art History, the statue of Aphrodite was a symbol of enchanting beauty and served as a model of high moral value. Sandro Botticelli’s painting The Birth of Venus shows Venus, the goddess of love, floating ashore on a scallop shell, arranging her hands and hair to hide, or maybe, enhance her sexuality. Jean Ingres’s Grande Odalisque depiction of a woman’s naked body turning away showed her eroticism and aloofness. Each of these art pieces shows the woman depicted in such a way to show her sexuality. The pose of the subjects is an iconography that is similar to that of the woman in the advertisement. The advertisers portray the iconography of the advertisement through the pose of the woman... ...he pose of the woman in the advertisement is not there to enhance her beauty, but to show her sexuality; those are the thoughts of the contemporary society. There are people who know what nudity really represents, but there are many more that see it as erotic. When people see an image of a nude woman on television or a magazine, they are not surprised by the amount of skin that the woman is showing. They understand that the woman is a depiction of beauty, much like nude women depicted in the art of the past. Even though contemporary society has changed the views of what people think about when they see a nude image, the art of the past has helped shaped what most people’s thoughts on a nude image’s iconography and iconology are. Bibliography Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. and Prentice Hall, Inc. 1999. www.encarta.msn.com

A midsummer nights dream By william shakespeare

Midsummer night's dream is one of the classic romantic comedy plays of William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare is the one of the best writer who ever lived.He deeply looks at the society with a very different perspective. In his play midsummer night’s dream he has depicted the feelings of love and desire with a very different point of view. Exact year when Midsummer night's dream was written is not known but it is supposed that is written around 1595 or 1596. (William Shakespeare biography and works, 1)In A Midsummer-Night's Dream, for the first time, Shakespeare uses an ‘outside force' which interferes in and controls the affairs of men. Oberon moves unseen, unheard, and unsuspected to the solution of the sole problem of the play (so far as the mortals are concerned) — that of restoring Demetrius's love to Helena.Although he differs in form and nature from Shakespeare's later notable forces of control as markedly as they differ from one another, the fairy king i s like them all both in his essential dramatic function and in the attributes which enable him to perform this function — superior power and superior awareness.Like the Fate that operates throughout Romeo and Juliet (according to the Prologue) and the Fate of which the witches are the visible figureheads in Macbeth, but unlike Duke Vincentio in Measure for Measure and Prospero in The Tempest, Oberon is supernatural and immortal. Like Vincentio and Prospero, and unlike Fate in the tragedies, he is benevolent. Like Fate itself and unlike the others, he remains always invisible to the mortal participants — but, unlike Fate, he is visible to us. Like all the others except the Fate of Romeo and Juliet, he makes observable contact with mortals, either directly or through an intermediary.Also like all the others except the Fate of Romeo and Juliet, he requires special aids or ‘props' in wielding his power.Unlike all the others, he is concerned quite incidentally with th e affairs of mortals. And, finally, he fell a little short of the others' omniscience and omnipotence: under his direction things can temporarily get out of hand.The play is a light entertainment comedy that has three main plots interlinked with each other firstly the celebrations of the wedding of Theseus the Duke of Athens, to Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons, secondly the mishap created between the couples and the involvement of the fairies in the scenario.The story mainly revolves around the two couples who are in love with each other but a little mistake creates chaos and comedy in the story. (A midsummer nights dream- Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 1)The play starts with the scene in Athens when four days left in the wedding and the celebrations and preparations are at their peak when Egeus arrives complaining about his daughter Hermia. With him Egeus brings two men Demetrius and Lysander. His problem is that he wants Hermia to marry Demetrius but Hermia is in deep love with Lysander and refuses to marry Demetrius.Her father continuously forces her for the marriage and also threatens her to marry Demetrius or either he will kill her or banish her according to the ancient law for a disobedient daughter.The Duke reminds Hermia of her duty as an obedient daughter to respect her father's wish and marry Demetrius and that she has time till the new moon to make up her mind regarding this matter otherwise the Duke will have to forcefully enforce the ancient law.Hearing this Hermia and Lysander decided to save their love by escaping from Athens into the nearby woods and then getting married in nearby town away from the ancient law. Hermia tells her plan to her best friend Helena who is a babble mouth and had been in love with Demetrius and can do anything to get his affection and love. She spills the plan of Hermia's escape in front of Demetrius and hope that they can catch Hermia and Lysander in the forest. (A midsummer night's dream, 1)In the forest the King of Fairies Oberon and the Queen of fairies Titania are having a quarrel about an Indian orphan boy that who will have the boy. The king wants the boy as his servant where as the queen is not allowing him demanding that she will keep the boy. (A midsummer night's dream, 1)Desperate to have the boy the king orders his most faithful fairy Puck to go and search for the magic flower, whose juice when dropped on some one’s eyes the person will fall in love immediately with the first person he sees after waking.Oberon had the plans in his mind that Titania will fall in love with anybody she sees and in return he will get the boy for himself. Puck brings the flower and puts the juice in the eyes of the sleeping Queen. The tradesmen in Athens plan to perform a crude play about Pyramus and Thisbe at the wedding of The DukeThe troupe of the players that are going to perform the play includes Nick Bottom who is a weaver and thinks he is very much clever and efficient that the role heâ₠¬â„¢s playing will make the play a big hit but his fellows do not think so they decide to go and rehearse in the woods.

Whats a Good ACT Score for an Honors Student

What's a Good ACT Score for an Honors Student SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It can be hard to tell what counts as a good score on the ACT, especially for high-achieving students. In this article, I'll explain what competitive ACT scores arefor an honors student and what that means for you. But first let's define our terms! What Is an Honors Student? Answering this question is tricky becausenot everyone or every school agrees.Some schools have specific honors classes, and enrolling in these is what wins you the title. Other schools name students to an honor roll based on their GPAs. Still others may associate the term "honors" with a certain level of class rank. Whatdo we all seem to agree on?Honors students are, relative to the general high school population, higher academic achievers. This means that their goals on the ACT are likely to be higher, too, so as to keep their standardized test scores in line with their grades, and, ultimately, so as to keep them competitive as applicants to more elite schools. What Is a Good ACT Score? It's a little tough to nail down an exact definition of a "good" score, because there's no single number that marks the boundary between a good score and a bad one.What a good score looks like for any given student ultimately depends on what they want to do with it and who they're competing with. For most student, getting a good score is less about hitting an arbitrary number and more about landing in a range that makes you look attractive to the schools you hope to attend. Your score goal will be very different if you're looking at Ivy League schools than if you're looking at your local state school.Ultimately, agood score is thescore that gets you where you want to go. Nonetheless, you are being compared to the other applicants, so can it be helpful to understand how you stack up against your peers. Think of that ideal ACT score as a ticket to your dream school. Good ACTScores for Honors Students We ran some statistical analyses to answer the delicate question of what a good score really looks like for an honors student. We used what's called a Monte-Carlo method, which is a lot more accurate than just lining up percentiles and comparing those. You see, just because you're a topstudent at your school, that doesn't necessarily make you a toptest taker. Why not, you may ask? For one thing, high schools select honors students based on criteria other than the ACT. For another, some students withhigh GPAs struggle with low ACT scores. Our analysis take thesevariations into account. Based on our data, we've compiled high, average, and low scores for both honors and high honors students. Honors Students We're defining these as the top third of high school students. It's possible that some of these students are not recognized as honors students at their schools, and it's possible that some students recognized as honors students at their schools are not among this third. Let's look at the range of scores for this group: A low score(25th percentile) is24 An average score (median) is 26 Ahigh score (75th percentile) is 29 You'll notice that these scores are clusteredfairly close together. That's because it's really a pretty small range of scores, all things considered. Combine that fact with a steep bell curve distribution, consider that we're looking at the far ends, and, sure enough, you wind up with this cluster effect. High Honors Students We're defining these as the top tenth of high school students. These students are the ones most likely to be in high honors programs, though the same disclaimer applies here as it did before. Let's look at the range of scores for this group: A low score(25th percentile) is29 An average score (median) is30 Ahigh score (75th percentile) is32 Notice that these scores are clusteredextremely close together. As you get up to the highest scores, every point counts. Be a total miser when it comes to those points- pinch your proverbial pennies. Take-Aways Honors students, and especially high honors students, have to put in extra effort to distinguish themselves from the crowd. The difference between a decent showing of a score and a home-run of a score can be entirely in the details. What's Next? Start putting in the work to prepare for this test nice and early. Spend a little time figuring out just how long you should devote to preparation. Aim for perfection:a score of 36 is hard, but possible. What if you don't have the luxury of time? Read about stellar last-minute programs to prepare for the exam. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Evaluation Essay Essay Example

Evaluation Essay Essay Example Evaluation Essay Essay Evaluation Essay Essay Essay Topic: Apocalypse Now How did the American civilization progress from the Vietnam War Era? Cornelia Roberts-PryceChamberlain College of NursingHUMN-303N-14171: Introduction to Humanistic disciplinesSpring 2013 * Introduction to the Community: Identify the community you will be utilizing for this paper and supply a brief description of the community. Your community should be the country where you live or the country environing your work scene. * Windshield Survey: Measure your community by making an informal windscreen study. Drive through the country and place types of lodging. schools. churches. health care suppliers. and environmental or safety jeopardies. You will necessitate to discourse the undermentioned six observations in your paper. 1. Community verve 2. Indexs of societal and economic conditions3. Health resources4. Environmental conditions related to wellness5. Social operationAttitude toward health care I. Introduction and Thesis StatementSee the impact of the Vietnam War on American civilization. In the decennaries prior to the eightiess. two issues beset American civilization: civil rights and the Vietnam War. Both were televised straight into life suites on all three channels. On college campuses throughout the universe. but particularly on American campuses. antiwar protests were everyday. Flower peoples frequently were thought to carry on themselves on the premises of antiwar. free sex. and tonss of drugs. The music that emerged from this epoch is still famously current and listened to today. It was an epoch of convertibles. gas guzzlers. freedom. and eternal summers. Then that coevals grew into adults– ( your parents and grandparents ) . Writing with sensitiveness to the niceties of the epoch. what happened to the dream? Thesis: The Vietnam War Era and its influence on American civilization. II. Events that Led to the war. Background:hypertext transfer protocol: //wiki. replies. com/Q/How_did_the_Vietnam_War_start ( James Avery. 2012 ) The Era of the sixtiess and 1970s was a disruptive clip for the American people. Not merely was there a war traveling on with many American lives being lost every twenty-four hours but on college campuses throughout the state pupils were protesting the bill of exchange and the war itself. Additionally. the Civil Rights motion was at its flood tide and Blacks and their sympathisers were contending for their rightful topographic point in the American society. It was the Era that produced the â€Å"Baby Boomers† and all of the impact this has brought to the American civilization as they become the aging population of the Millennium. Today. the Vietnam Veterans Memorial ( The Wall ) has moved beyond its function as an international symbol of mending and bases as a life history lesson. but many of today’s immature people have a limited cognition of the Vietnam W ar. The war was influenced by the fact that the American President at the clip did non desire Communism to be spread in the East and finally to America. . In 1957 the Soviet Union proposes a lasting division of North and South Vietnam. and separate inclusion of both in the United Nations. The US refuses to hold to this. keeping the sovereignty of the South. The struggle took topographic point in phases over several decennaries. Frustrated with the deficiency of advancement to reunite the North and south motivates Ho- ( The Chinese leader ) tried to re-ignite force and the Second Indo China War rewards from 1957 through 1961 against the authorities of South Vietnam. After a visit by Vice President Johnson in May 1961. President Kennedy orders 400 Green Berets to describe as particular advisors to the forces of South Vietnam in affairs of counter-insurgency and guerilla warfare. The function of the Green Berets expands to include the constitution of the CIDG ( Civilian Irregular Defense Groups ) who attempt to halt incursions by North Vietnamese military personnels. In October 1961 in response to studies from his military advisors. Kennedy increases the troop strength in Vietnam to 8000. November 1963 President Kennedy is assassinated and Lyndon Johnson in sworn in. By Christmas Eve 1964 US military personnels in Vietnam grows to 23. 000. Johnson is elected to the office of President and takes office in 1965. Operation Rolling Thunder Begins and 100 US bombers begin assailing marks in North Vietnam in uninterrupted onslaughts. On March 8. 1965 3500 US Marines Land at China Beach to support the air base at Da Nang. fall ining the 23. 000 advisors as the first US combat military personnels in state. In April. Johnson orders an addition of 20. 000 support forces in South Vietnam. In May. Johnson increases troop strengths once more by telling in the 173rd Airborne Brigade. 3500 combat military personnels. July Johnson orders an addition to 125. 000 military personnels. made up of 44 battalions. By twelvemonth terminal. troop degrees in Vietnam reach 184. 000. By 1967 US troop degrees in Vietnam reach 389. 000. Casualties rise to 5008 killed. and 30. 093 wounded. Congress authorizes war support of $ 4. 5 billion. Johnson increases troop strengths from 475. 000 to 520. 000. Johnson halts Rolling Thunder in 1968 with hopes of re-starting peace negotiations ; the US loses 922 planes and crews in 302. 380 sallies. By the terminal of 1968 the figure of US military personnels in Vietnam holds at 495. 000 and 30. 000 KIA. In January 1969. Richard Nixon becomes the thirty-seventh US President. Five US Presidents have been involved in the struggle in Vietnam. By April 1969 troop degrees top out at 539. 000. casualties reach 33. 641. By July of 1969 Nixon begins retreating military personnels with the callback of 800 9th Infantry soldiers. In September. Nixon orders decreases of 35. 000 military personnels and reduces the bill of exchange. By December. Nixon orders home another 50. 000 military personnels. He promises the backdown of 150. 000 in 1970. and military personnels strengths autumn to 156. 300 by the terminal of 1971. Troop decreases continue. and on April 8. 1975 at 8:34 AM the last US soldier. a US Embassy Marine leaves Vietnam’ The clime of the period: During that clip the Civil Rights motion was at its flood tide and pupils were protesting a figure of issues including the rights of the Black population. the bill of exchange ( which was subsequently changed from compulsory to volunteer ) . the war itself. freedom of the imperativeness and other political issues. The epoch is celebrated for its â€Å"muscle† autos and free love. It was the clip of the Woodstock concert which was extremely publicized- the historic field where 100s of 1000s of stone music lovers gathered in August 1969. And the music is still popular even today. A 1994 festival on the same site was better organized and more successful financially. if less legendary. In 1999 a 3rd festival was marred by a little public violence. The Museum at Bethel Woods. a multimedia exhibit infinite attached to a acting humanistic disciplines centre. opened in 2008. with the declared mission of continuing the original festival site and educating visitants about the music and civilization of the Woodstock epoch. During this epoch there was a big eventuality of flower peoples whose slogan was â€Å"make love non war† . They protested the war and advocated passive resistance and love. By the mid-1970s the motion had waned. and by the 1980s flower peoples had given manner to a new coevals of immature people who were purpose on doing callings for themselves in concern and who came to be known as yuppies ( immature urban professionals ) . Nonetheless. flower peoples continued to hold an influence on the wider civilization. seen. for illustration. in more relaxed attitudes toward sex. in the new concern for the environment. and in a widespread decrease of formality. III. Effectss of Advancement ( James L. Gibson. 2009 ) . One result of the protests and coverage by the imperativeness was the debut of societal justness learning in the course of study of public schools. â€Å"Social-justice instruction is †¦ about learning childs to inquiry who of all time happens to keep the reins of power at a peculiar minute. It’s about seeing yourself non merely as a consumer [ of information ] . but as an actor-critic† in the universe around you. said Bill Bigelow. the course of study editor for Rethinking Schools. a Milwaukee-based organisation that publishes instructional stuffs and policy documents related to issues of race. equity. and instruction policy. Assorted war arms were used in the Vietnam including weedkillers. These weedkillers were developed for the armed forces to assist cut down works and flora in dense terrains. conveying the enemy out of concealment and protecting the American military personnels and their Alliess from ambuscade. They were besides used to destruct any nutrient harvests that the Viet Cong relied on to feed their ground forces of soldiers. Statisticss show that over 20 million gallons were sprayed with 15 different weedkillers. some being colour coded geting in barrels. and all purportedly with no harmful effects to worlds. The spray was released from aeroplanes. choppers. trucks. and soldiers transporting back pack sprayers. Little did anyone know at this clip. that more tragic history environing the Vietnam War was about to blossom. and the name of the Satanwas Agent Orange. Agent Orange was a codification name for the barrel with the orange colored steel set. Chemically. it is a 50/50 mixture of two different weedkillers. 2. 4-D. and 2. 4. 5-T. and 11 million gallons of this toxic defoliant was used between 1965 through 1970. Over 6. 000 missions. with 10 % being over Vietnam. were sprayed with Agent Orange. and some in Cambodia and Laos to use the Ho Chi Minh Trail. which was a cardinal supply path for the Viet Cong. Agent Orange killed flora of all types including the root systems. go forthing waste trees and underbrush blackened and disgusting smelling. One of the constituents of Agent Orange was a chemical called Dioxin. which today is considered to be one of the most unsafe substances in the universe. Dioxin is besides known as TCDD. which caused a assortment of inauspicious wellness effects in lab animate beings. and has been linked to legion potentially unsafe and deathly wellness jobs. The World Health Organization has since classified the chemical Dioxin as a known homo carcinogen which can damage sensitive parts of the organic structure like the hormone. immune. and nervous systems. Many Americans still go on to endure from different wellness jobs due to Agent Orange and Dioxin with some being passed on down to their kids with assorted complications. In 1978 the Veterans Administration set up a plan to assist veterans with their demands from being exposed to Agent Orange. Some of the effects from this lay waste toing chemical like Skin annoyance and some skin diseases like Chloracne. Nerve upsets including peripheral neuropat hy. Type 2 diabetes. Miscarriages in adult females Birth defects. some physical malformations and SpinaBifida. Neurological upsets. Cancers. Over 900. 000 of the subsisters of the war had to cover with lesions. amputations. and Post traumatic emphasis upset. While some of these things discussed may non be considered promotions at first glimpse it is because the military learned a great trade about warfare and how to utilize the arms including biological arms expeditiously and efficaciously. It is during this clip of war that Arpanet was foremost introduced. It was made in March 26. 1976. and finally morphed into the cyberspace. The Vietnam War had many long permanent effects on the veterans who fought for America from the 1950s to the seventiess. Some veterans from Vietnam even formed groups against the war. These veterans formed an organisation known as Vietnam Veterans against the War. The organisation had a intent. â€Å"It was organized to voice the turning resistance among returning military mans and adult females to the still-raging war in Indochina. and grew quickly to a rank of over 30. 000 throughout the United States every bit good as active responsibility GIs stationed in Vietnam. Discuss how the promotion affected the humani stic disciplines ( Samus Bendwan. 2009 ) Interview with Frank Christie. 2013 Q. Were you drafted for the war or did you volunteerA: I was drafted in 1967Q. How long was your circuit of responsibility?A: Until 1971Q. What was your feeling of the Vietnamese people and Vietcon? A: They were willing to make anything to kill us. They would utilize adult females and childs to discourage us from killing them. It was a barbarous war. Q. How were things in the US and at place different from when you left? A. I was injured and had an honest discharge but I did non experience like a hero. The American populace treated us every bit victims every bit much as victimisers. if non as brave heroes. no 1 was at that place to observe my homecoming. I have fellow companions that committed suicide after the war. I had to contend for my benefits and had a difficult clip happening a occupation. I found it hard to acquire educational and medical benefits and to keep household relationships. The Veterans Administration had to alter their policies so that they could handle us better and eventually developed plans to turn to the posttraumatic emphasis upset ( PTSD ) afflicting every bit many as 700. 000 of us. I got involved with the civil rights motion and the terminal of the bill of exchange things were different from before I left. Some good things were that and the authorities eventually started to acknowledge us as heroes even though we didn’t win the war and the Public started sing us otherwise after this equivocal war the lone thing left is the Veterans Memorial as a drab reminder of the loss of excessively many immature Americans. and of what the war did to the United States and its messianic belief in its ain overweening virtuousness. The Vietnam War has been publically portrayed in a figure of outstanding movies. Taxi Driver. Apocalypse Now. Full Metal Jacket and Platoon are merely some of those Discuss how the promotion affected the universe ( insert writer and day of the month ) As a consequence of the activities during this epoch subcultures and counter civilizations arose some of which are still in being today. Some illustrations of those is the feminist motion. the pop civilization ( a new and different sort of musical penchant following ) the flower peoples. IV. Development of the AdvancementDiscuss how the promotion has evolved ( Marcus s. Cox. 1973 ) America has an over 200 twelvemonth tradition of belowground publications crossing a broad scope of societal and political look. One noteworthy period in this tradition was the epoch of the sixtiess and early seventiess. and students’ attempts to show themselves and dispute the position quo. Student attending was drawn to issues such as the Vietnam War. women’s rights. and civil rights. while university decision makers sought to keep orderly campuses through progressively restrictive ordinances. This led to liberate address and less suppression of the imperativeness and what they could or could non compose. Not all the results of the epoch were positive. The Vietnam War affected some veterans in a really negative manner. Many veterans besides suffered from negative stereotypes of Vietnam veterans following the Vietnam War. It is stated. â€Å"There are relentless stereotypes about Vietnam veterans as psychologically devastated. bitter. homeless. dependent stateless people. † ( Cox. 1973 ) It was during this epoch that heroine was introduced into the state. The returning vets found themselves addicted because they used narcotics to assist bury the hurting. Discuss effects of promotion on ulterior clip periods ( Marcus S. Cox. 1968-1973 ) The Civil Rights motion began in the 60’s and Martin Luther King Jr. was a protestor of the War. While Black college campuses throughout the South reacted to King’s blackwash. in Baton Rouge over 2. 000 pupils and community occupants marched to the State Capital to protest racism and favoritism in Louisiana. It was a clip of alteration as the American Public had non seen in times past. The remainder of the universe saw the disruptive times and many other states became interested in the result of the motion. The result was Torahs upholding equality for everyone. including Anti-discrimination. equal chance and the right to vote. V. ConclusionThe epoch of the Vietnam war was an epoch of convulsion pandemonium and alteration. There were presentations about the war. freedom of address. the Civil Rights motion when Blacks and their sympathisers were contending for their rightful topographic point in the American society and the feminist motion. It was the Era that produced the â€Å"Baby Boomers† . Rock and Roll. the cyberspace and many other alterations that deeply influenced alteration and new Torahs in the US and even throughout the universe. There were developments in biological warfare and the US learned about PTSD and handling the injury of war experienced by our veterans. Mentions hypertext transfer protocol: //wiki. replies. com/Q/How_did_the_Vietnam_War_startThe Author. James Avery is a frequent subscriber to Answers. Com and has made many parts to Wikipedia. He often corrects mistakes in some of the replies and is really active on the page. Sampson Bendwan is an writer for ArticlesBase and has written over 20 published and reviewed articles. He has been a member since July 2009 He is a history fan from Silver Springs. MD. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. articlesbase. com/politics-articles/facts-about-the-vietnam-war-1647799. hypertext markup language Frank Christie-Interview with a Veteran. Mr. Christie served in Vietnam from 1967 to 1971. During that clip he witness and participated in combat and was discharged after he sustained a life altering hurt. He is presently a retired car machinist who lives in New Jersey and is a widowman. Marcus S. Cox. â€Å"Keep Our Black Warriors Out of the Draft† : The Vietnam Antiwar Movement at Southern University. 1968-1973Marcus S. Cox is an helper professor of history and manager of Afro-american surveies at The Citadel. Charleston. South Carolina. James L. Gibson The Journal of Politics / Volume 51 / Issue 01 / February 1989. pp 13-35 Political Science Association 1989 DOI: hypertext transfer protocol: //dx. Department of the Interior. org/10. 2307/2131607 ( About DOI ) . Published online: 18 December 2009 James L. Gibson is a professor of political scientific discipline at the University of Houston. In this article the writer analyses the relationship between mass and elite political intolerance and the acceptance of inhibitory public policies by the provinces of the United States. He focuses on legislative acts adopted by the provinces during the Vietnam War epoch that were designed to repress dissent on university campuses. The analysis reveals that inhibitory public policy reflected neither the intolerance of the mass public nor the political elites in the province. Alternatively. limitations on campus protest seemed to be a direct response to degrees of break on the campuses. Manzo. K. ( 2008 ) . Election Renews Controversy over Social-Justice Teaching. Education Week. 28 ( 10 ) . 1. This article was written during the 2008 presidential run. Social-justice instruction has been under an particularly rough because one of its advocates is William C. Ayers. a leader of the violent Weather Underground of the Vietnam War epoch whose ties to Barack Obama have become a outstanding issue for oppositions of the Democratic presidential campaigner. This article presents statements from the advocates and oppositions of social-Justice instruction in schools. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. britannica. com. placeholder. devry. edu/EBchecked/topic/266600/hippie Encyclopedia Britannica. History and Society

Half Caste Essays

Half Caste Essays Half Caste Paper Half Caste Paper Little Josie buried under the bright moon Is tired of being dead, death lasts too long. She would like to push death aside, and stand on the hill And beat with a waddy on the bright moon like a gong Across the hills, the hills that belong to no people And so to none are foreign, Once she climbed high to find the native cherry; The lithe darkhearted lubra Who in her beads like blood Dressed delicately for love Moves her long hands among the strings of the wind, Singing the songs of women,  The songs of love and dying. Against the world’s stone walls she thrusts her hearth – Endless the strength of its beating – Atom of flesh that cannot move a stone. She used her love for lever; But the wall is cunningly made. Not even the strong break jail. So she is restless still under her rootwarm cover, Hearing the noise of living, Forgetting the pain of dying. Little Josie buried under the bright sun Would like to open her eyes and dance in the light. Who is it had covered the sun and the beautiful moon. With a wallaby skin, and left her alone in the night? Judith Wright = Australian poet and a worker for Aboriginal rights Raised in wealthy pastoral English family in Armidale NSW. Graduated University of Sydney in English, Psychology, History Josie is a half caste Aboriginal girl who has died. The poem describes Josie’s time in purgatory, as her spirit still kindles within the land She has a deep relationship to the land because of her Aboriginal heritage, and therefore belongs. : Also a poem of not-belonging, as she is stranded in purgatory and wishes to return to the land. SYMBOLIC = it is as if the souls of the murdered blacks are in limbo, or the perpetual rootlessness and torment of Purgatory awaiting, in other words, the ‘new recognition, and fresh syntheses’ that can liberate them. For example, Josie in ‘Half-Caste Girl’: is restless still under her rootwarm cover, hearing the noise of living,

New Perspectives on Computer Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New Perspectives on Computer Concepts - Essay Example All the activities that are taking place in the different functional departments are working in an integrated mode with the implementation of the Enterprise Resource Planning software. The functional departments in the business are the accounts and finance department and the human resource management department (Parsons, 100). The business can use the benefits of ERP to run their business in an efficient and effective manner. The planning of product types, the purchasing of raw materials, the inventory control process, and storage of the product in the warehouse and then the distribution aspects of the product along with the process of tracking the orders can all be handled by this one software of Enterprise Resource Planning. ERP can be considered as back-end software for businesses. ERP takes the order from the customer and then through the path designed in the software, the order is worked out through the different functional departments. The customer services representative has all the information readily available when the customer id is inserted in the ERP software. Within a matter of clicks, information about the customer becomes available for completing the order forms. All the information available on the ERP software is available for everyone. Any type of update in the information can be viewed easily by the whole organization and also have the access to update at their end too. Management in the business organizations is one of the most important functions of business and it needs to be carried out in the most specialized way possible so that everything works out in a systematic mode. The ERP software has made it possible for businesses to manage and integrate their information in a systematic way and also ensures that all the activities taking place in the functional departments are easily updated with the latest information.

OPPORTUNITY COSTS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

OPPORTUNITY COSTS - Coursework Example EXPLAIN THE CONCEPTS OF COMPARATIVE AND ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE The concept of ‘Comparative and Absolute Advantage’ holds primary importance being closely related to profit maximization and increased productivity. It principally indicates the capability of a producer to manufacture products and/or services at a lesser opportunity cost than other producers operating in almost identical conditions. A comparative advantage provides a company the capacity to trade goods, products and services at a lower fee than other players in the market for the purpose of attaining higher sales margins and revenues. In the similar context, the concept of obsolete advantage can be identified when a company produces larger volume of goods than that of its competitors with a given amount of resources. In both these situations, companies are affirmed to obtain advantages over its competitors in terms of cost of production and profit margin (Horsley 1-99). For example, in case the USA and Canada ha ve been producing differing quantities of potatoes and rice in a year [as illustrated in the below table], both the producers will have to incur differing opportunity cost. ... Assessing both these situations, it can be observed that Canada will have a comparative advantage in producing larger volume of potatoes, with the given amount of resources and also by incurring lesser opportunity cost. Thus, Canada should produce potatoes. HOW DOES TRADE AFFECT THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES FRONTIER? EXPLAIN Production possibilities frontier, in simple terms, can be referred to as a frontier or a graph indicating the maximum output producing possibilities for a particular producer to manufacture two products at a given point of time. Indicating all possible combinations of the given two products, the production possibilities frontier tends to conclude the possible points at which the producer can manufacture at a greater production level in comparison to the other commodity’s normal production level with the fixed amount of resources (Horsley 1-99). Trade can affect the production possibilities frontier in a positive as well as in a negative manner. For instan ce, if the activities related to trade and commerce increases in a country, the requirement of the resources and production capacity with respect to two given commodities is also quite likely to increase (Horsley 1-99). Precisely, the concept of production possibilities frontier indicates the points at which a producer can make the maximum use of the resources allocated to produce one or more commodities. Notably, the points on the curved line of production possibilities frontier [refer to the diagram below] depicts efficiency of the producer to use the given amount of resources to produce maximum amount of product A and product B. On the contrary, the points below the curved line depict the inefficiency of the producer to make effective use of the resources allocated.

Humanistic Era Reflection paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Humanistic Era Reflection - Research Paper Example The ‘20s was a booming economic time. Employees had been pushed during The Classical Era to focus on meeting production demands and maximizing their efforts. The scientific methods were in place and the human element in the workplace was secondary. Management did not care how the worker was feeling at the end of the day. There were no regulations on the length of a work day or the number of breaks employees were entitled to. The company could demand and get whatever it wanted from the workers at that time, if that person wanted a job. Then the stock market crash came, followed by the Great Depression, and World War II. The employee was feeling very much at the employers’ mercy while at the same time dealing with the ups and downs of economic times. Pro-union legislation was put in place during The Humanistic Era, much as we know it today. The concept of the social person (a human existing within an organization as a person and a worker) and the relations between workers and managers did not exist prior to The Humanistic Era theorists. ... As the historical frame took place, leading from the scientific methods of measurement and driving the worker to be most productive, the worker became burdened with long work days and thoughtless management decisions. Theorists believed that workers needed more than simply a day’s pay to stay motivated to do more (McShane & Von Glinow, 2005). From a certain perspective, it is surprising that union legislation was instituted during this time in history as it doesn’t seem to fit with The Humanistic Era. Unions represent the group rather the individual person. However, as union representatives learned early on, a group of employees had more power with management than did one lone employee. Laws such as the Taft-Hartley Act (Labor-Management Relations Act) and The Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act) (Noe et al., 2003) were part of the pro-union legislation that came to be during this era. The Wagner Act was put in place first, 1935, establishing the National Labor Rel ations Board (NLRB) and the general guidelines that continue to be used today in unionizing activities. Taft-Hartley Act (1947), was an amendment to The Wagner Act. This amendment allowed workers to report to work without being required to join the union. Simply put, The Wagner Act established the allowance for â€Å"right-to-work laws†. Some states have these laws and some do not. By law, all members in the jobs covered by the bargaining unit have to be covered by the same benefits, pay, and policies whether they are dues paying or not. This Amendment was passed to prevent coercion with those unsure as to whether they wanted to be part of a union. Mary Parker Follett published in 1924, the management theory that would â€Å"facilitate the growth of individuals and the

Abuse of the Elderly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abuse of the Elderly - Research Paper Example Abuse and neglect are too often visited upon older individuals who have lost some degree of their independence, and many areas do not have the programs necessary to effectively counter this threat on the community level. There is even abuse and neglect that goes on with healthcare facilities, nursing homes, and home environments, and this is perhaps the most insidious sort of abuse. In some cultures, the elderly are prized and honored above all other citizens and groups, but unfortunately this is not the case in the present culture. Elder abuse can happen in healthcare or nursing home situations, or it could happen at the hands of the elder’s own family and support system. In the US today, older individuals are more likely to be seen as being in the way of the young than as role models who should be exalted because of their aged wisdom. Presently, however, many individuals are treated harshly by healthcare facilities and even their own kin, making elder abuse a significant pro blem in society. Also, in terms of economic scales, older individuals who are of a lower socio-economic class are more likely to be abused or mistreated. These people may lack a stable caregiver. There are those who say the aged should be used as models who should be exalted because of their aged wisdom. Presently, however, many individuals are treated harshly by healthcare facilities and even, as the proposed report will show, their own families and support systems, making elder abuse a significant problem in society.

Calculus Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Calculus - Coursework Example Their professional backgrounds played a very important role in the way they perceived Calculus and its application. Since Newton was a physicist, his thinking was influenced by physical matter and that is why he applied Calculus to try and explain physical phenomena. Since Leibniz was a Mathematician, Calculus to him was more of a statistical endeavor that required deep analysis. However, both contributed greatly to the discovery and application of Calculus. Newton was responsible for developing the inverse relationship between the integral (area beneath a curve) and the derivative (slope of a curve). Leibniz’s work led him to discover the notations used for taking the integral and the derivative. When both of their work was combined, it led to the formation of Calculus. This view was not always held and there was a dispute as to who, between the two men, actually discovered Calculus. Newton claimed that he had in 1666, at the age of 23, invented Calculus, when he had begun working on a technique known as fluents and fluxions. As for Gottfried, in 1675, due to his fascination with the tangent line, he began conducting research on Calculus. Even though Newton had discovered the principles of Calculus earlier on, he did not publish his findings, unlike Leibnitz who published his in 1684. Therefore, as a matter of public record, some deemed Leibnitz as the person who discovered the principles first. Consequently, this led to the Newton-Leibnitz controversy that continued to rage on centuries later. Newton’s Publication of Principia, in 1687, has also been a source of controversy since it is not entirely known whether he included his workings on Calculus. However, in a 1693 publication, he published part of his work on fluxion notation, but he fully published his work in 1704 (Jahnke 78). Newton seems to have been the one with the earliest breakthrough, but on his own, his work was incomplete. The adoption of Leibnitz notation is very

Definition Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition Love - Essay Example Love makes us feel appreciated because we get a lift whenever we experience it. Something as simple as saying â€Å"I love you† can mean so much to the person who is receiving it. If this was said by anyone else then it would not have any strong connotations, yet the words come alive when they are said by someone who we have true feelings for. We feel wanted and accepted when someone decides to share their love with us. This love does not just have to by in a physical way—it could be from someone who is simply a friend. The different levels of love derive from the person or people that it is being shared with. Love between a couple and love between two friends are not on the same level. One goes to a deeper level while the other is rather barely scratches the surface. Love helps develop character in us because we truly understand what it is to trust someone else completely. It is only when we learn to love others that we can truly appreciate them for who they are. While love may be the most obvious virtue, there are other traits that can develop out of love. Characteristics such as patience, kindness, and forgiveness all come from the feelings of love that we have with one another. These are traits that cannot be taught but have to be learned through the process of loving someone else unconditionally. Finally, love gives us a reason to live because it gives us hope that something better is always out there. Without a reason to live, many people give up because they feel that they have no hope. It does not matter whether someone is rich or poor; everyone needs to feel loved so that they feel part of humanity. Love is the greatest gift that we can give to someone because it is freely given and freely received.  Ã‚  

Abuse of the Elderly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abuse of the Elderly - Research Paper Example Abuse and neglect are too often visited upon older individuals who have lost some degree of their independence, and many areas do not have the programs necessary to effectively counter this threat on the community level. There is even abuse and neglect that goes on with healthcare facilities, nursing homes, and home environments, and this is perhaps the most insidious sort of abuse. In some cultures, the elderly are prized and honored above all other citizens and groups, but unfortunately this is not the case in the present culture. Elder abuse can happen in healthcare or nursing home situations, or it could happen at the hands of the elder’s own family and support system. In the US today, older individuals are more likely to be seen as being in the way of the young than as role models who should be exalted because of their aged wisdom. Presently, however, many individuals are treated harshly by healthcare facilities and even their own kin, making elder abuse a significant pro blem in society. Also, in terms of economic scales, older individuals who are of a lower socio-economic class are more likely to be abused or mistreated. These people may lack a stable caregiver. There are those who say the aged should be used as models who should be exalted because of their aged wisdom. Presently, however, many individuals are treated harshly by healthcare facilities and even, as the proposed report will show, their own families and support systems, making elder abuse a significant problem in society.

Definition Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition Love - Essay Example Love makes us feel appreciated because we get a lift whenever we experience it. Something as simple as saying â€Å"I love you† can mean so much to the person who is receiving it. If this was said by anyone else then it would not have any strong connotations, yet the words come alive when they are said by someone who we have true feelings for. We feel wanted and accepted when someone decides to share their love with us. This love does not just have to by in a physical way—it could be from someone who is simply a friend. The different levels of love derive from the person or people that it is being shared with. Love between a couple and love between two friends are not on the same level. One goes to a deeper level while the other is rather barely scratches the surface. Love helps develop character in us because we truly understand what it is to trust someone else completely. It is only when we learn to love others that we can truly appreciate them for who they are. While love may be the most obvious virtue, there are other traits that can develop out of love. Characteristics such as patience, kindness, and forgiveness all come from the feelings of love that we have with one another. These are traits that cannot be taught but have to be learned through the process of loving someone else unconditionally. Finally, love gives us a reason to live because it gives us hope that something better is always out there. Without a reason to live, many people give up because they feel that they have no hope. It does not matter whether someone is rich or poor; everyone needs to feel loved so that they feel part of humanity. Love is the greatest gift that we can give to someone because it is freely given and freely received.  Ã‚  

Jonathon Livingston Seagull Essay Example for Free

Jonathon Livingston Seagull Essay 1. The fictional book, Jonathon Livingston Seagull written by Richard Bach, sold over a million copies during its debut in 1970 and stayed on The New York Times Top Ten list for 38 weeks in a row. The story focuses on Jonathon the seagull’s passion for flying and his belief that there is more to life than scavenging for food. Bach explores the idea that there is more to this life than what meets the eye and the extreme satisfaction you receive when doing something you are great at and have a passion for. 2. The setting of this story takes place on some sea shore where thousands of seagulls live. The sea shore setting described in the book really helps to paint a picture of what Jonathon and this flock of seagulls experienced daily, â€Å"It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of a gentle sea.†(Bach pg 3) 3. Jonathon Livingston Seagull is the protagonist in this story with his strong drive and persistence to be different from the flock and to be his own seagull. The antagonists in the story are the Elders of the flocks of seagulls because they are very closed mined leaders and they force Jonathon and other seagulls to be outcast from society and ban them to a life of isolation and despair. Chiang was an Elder Gull that taught Jonathon very specialized flying techniques and improved his skills and taught him things about life. When Jonathon was outcast from the gull community everyone in the community thought that Jonathon was a reckless and irresponsible seagull, so when Jonathon finally returned to the community and everyone saw how amazing his flying skills were they changed their minds and many of them asked to be taught by Jonathon himself which was breaking the gull community law, This is an example of foil characters. â€Å"His thought was triumph. Terminal velocity! A seagull at two hundred and fourteen miles per hours! It was a breakthrough, the greatest single moment in the history of the flock, and in that moment a new age opened for Jonathon Gull.† (pg 16-17) 4. The plot of this story is a traditional plot type. The story ends with the last words of his Jonathon’s teacher, Keep working on love. Through his teachings, Jonathan understands that the spirit cannot be really free without the ability to forgive, and that the way to progress leads for him, at least through becoming a teacher, not just through working hard as a student. So, if any seagull believes that it is free to do what it wants to, it becomes Jonathan the seagull, for whom, possibilities were endless. Every law is an illusion. Once we become conscious of this, our existence gets a new meaning. a. The biggest conflict was Jonathon going against the norm of the seagull community and ultimately getting expelled from the community for his irresponsible acts. â€Å"For his reckless irresponsibility†, â€Å"Violating the dignity and tradition of the Gull family.† (pg 24) b. The situation at the end where Jonathon returned to the breakfast seagull flock was sig nificant because it demonstrated forgiveness and compassion. These gulls hated Jonathon and wanted nothing to do with him and yet he still had the courage to forgive them and even teach them how to fly like he does. â€Å"You have to practice to see the real gull, the good in every one of them, and help them to see it in themselves.†(pg 89) 5. -This book was definitely one of the more inspiring books that made me think out of the box that I have read in quite some time. For example, I really liked one of the messages that implied that if you want to have a fulfilling happy meaningful life you need to stop following the crowd and make your own path even if there are consequences. If you find something that you are good at and enjoy doing stick with it and master it and watch how it will shape you life. -This story uplifted my spirits and motivated my behavior change in several ways. For example, Jonathon Livingston Seagull is a great example to me because not only does he go against the norm and try to learn everything about his passion in life, he also learns forgiveness and compassion for the other seagulls of the community and wants to teach them how to live a wonderful life. I have noticed in my life that I am most happy when I have found something that I love to do and also when I am helping others find that same thing or serving them in some manner and I think Jonathon mastered this aspect of true charity. â€Å"You have to practice to see the real gull, the good in every one of them, and help them to see it in themselves.†(pg 89) 6. In conclusions the book had both strong and weak contributing factors. The strong factors were that it had a very unique, interesting story line that kept the reader interested enough to keep reading. Bach also used implied messages of inspiration and important values in this life which in my opinion was very cool and had a strong plot. Some of the weak factors were that the book almost needed to be read straight through in one sitting to really get the message and make sense. It was not very challenging to read which could be good and bad. The setting was not very descriptive, it basically just took place either in the air or on the sea shore. I think the proper age group for this book would be late high school students and college students and even young adults. Richard Bach impacted me by creating a plot and story line that delivers a messages that anything is possible in life as long as you want it enough and practice at it thus, I am now interested in making some changes in my life. Works Cited Back, Richard. Jonathon Livingston Seagull. New York: Scribner, 1970.

CSR IN KENYA: FACTORS THAT DRIVE and AFFECT THE BUSINESS COMMUNITY

CSR IN KENYA: FACTORS THAT DRIVE and AFFECT THE BUSINESS COMMUNITY This paper seeks to address the concept of CSR within the Kenyan context and in particular the factors that affect its effective practice and the benefits to the local stakeholder community. The growth and implementation of CSR-related activities throughout the years in developing countries and in particular Kenya will also be dealt with. The research questions posed will be tackled using the mixed methods cross-sectional design as focus will be on all the sectors of the economy so as to have a better understanding of the different contributions by these businesses and organisations. Through this research, I hope to identify the precise ways in which CSR is practised in Kenya while establishing the various businesses that are committed to this cause. This paper will also highlight the major characteristics of the practice of CSR in Kenya and thus, give businesses insight into which areas need improvement and how they can do so while still turning a profit. 4. INTRODUCTION a) Area Topic Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an ever evolving concept that comprises of any strategic tool that creates new opportunities for businesses while mitigating and managing the risks to the businesses. The focus of this study is on the area of CSR and in particular its practice in Kenya. The topic of choice is whether there have been any factors that have driven and affected the local businesses contributions to the stakeholder community. b) Statement of purpose The purpose of the study is to examine what key CSR drivers are present in Kenya whether there have been any factors that have prevented the business organisations in Kenya from substantially contributing to the local community through the practice of CSR. Additionally, the study will also look into spheres of possible improvement by the government and the business community. 5. LITERATURE REVIEW CSR means many things to different people institutions and as Frankenthal (2001) clearly states, CSR is a vague and intangible term which can mean anything to anybody, and therefore is effectively without meaning. These CSR interpretations have evolved over the last 30 years from being relatively focused on compliance with environmental regulations a search for eco-efficiency to a broader concept that combines and balances economic, social and environmental commitments as part of the drive towards sustainable development. Therefore, different companies have adopted slightly different interpretations as to what CSR means to them but the underlying message is always the same. Welford (2004 and 2005) has noted that CSR has been adopted in different ways in the different parts of the world. CSR concerns how organisations interact with their stakeholders, and is linked to improving sustainable development, health and wellbeing for people, as well as enhancing organisational profits (Price, 2009). This is because over the years, business organisations have come under immense pressure from their stakeholders to act in a responsible manner. Scandals such as Enron and Parmalat (Ruggie 2003: OHiggins 2005), Nikes employment practices and the very recent BP/Shell oil spill have provoked increased scrutiny into business policies and practices. Mullerat and Brennan (2005) deduced from a study carried out by the Italian Union of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Craft and Agriculture in cooperation with Instituto per i Valore dImpresa that the adoption of CSR-related activities by companies depends on 2 factors: The size of the business enterprise/ organisation there is a difference on CSR performance between the smaller companies and the large ones due to financial personnel differences; and The particular sector of the economy in which the business operates for example, businesses within the agro-industrial, building construction, manufacturing ICT sectors are more concerned with environmental issues arising from their production processes and product lifespan. Globally, companies that have engaged in CSR have come to the realization that their environmental and social impacts need to be managed in line with their economic or commercial performance (Little, 2003). In Africa, CSR is still in its infancy stage due to socioeconomic realities such as poverty, HIV/AIDS and ineffective public administration service delivery which have had a significant impact on the drivers, role and function of CSR for companies operating in Africa (Klins, Niekerk Smit, 2010). Thus, CSR activities and projects aspire to resolve challenges faced by communities, which governments cannot fully address. Therefore, issues such as the environment, workplace, product quality and health safety get much lower priority. CSR in Africa is most often associated with multinationals or large foreign investors e.g. Coca Cola. Visser, Matten, Pohl Tolhurst (2010) have identified some of the drivers for CSR in developing countries as: Cultural tradition where CSR draws deeply from indigenous beliefs of philanthropy, business ethics and community togetherness; Reforms in politics; Socio-economic priorities e.g. alleviation of poverty, eradication of HIV/AIDS; Governance gaps; Response to crisis such as accidents, catastrophes; Market access; International standardisation through the adoption of global CSR codes; Investment incentives; Stakeholder activism; and Business supply chains. CSR is therefore seldom related to the companies core business but rather tends to be positive payback philanthropy, with public relations benefits (Klins et al, 2010). Some priority issues covered by CSR activities in Africa are poverty reduction, health HIV/AIDS, skills development education, youth development and socioeconomic development. In Kenya, the cultural context is an important factor in defining CSR and this communal culture is captured in the indigenous concept of Harambee which embodies and reflects the strong ancient value of mutual assistance, joint effort, social responsibility and community self-reliance (Winston and Ryan, 2008). This concept simply means that collective good outweighs individual gain. According to Gathii (2008), the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) has been involved in drafting guidelines on CSR. These guidelines, in addition to those voluntarily adopted by companies and the current ISO standards, form a backdrop against which to measure CSR in Kenya. In Kenya, CSR is often seen as an add-on, peripheral to the core business (Imani Development, 2009). CSR departments are rare and many operate from within marketing, communications, corporate affairs, training or human resources departments (Klins et al, 2010). Furthermore, where CSR policies are established, more often than not, they refer to philanthropic approaches. CSR policy adherence is not typically evaluated in Kenya and corporate leadership involvement tends to be focused on launching community projects, supporting CSR policies and ensuring resources for these projects, rather than embedding CSR in business processes. Regulations that have an impact on CSR are often based on the ratification and subsequent domestication of international conventions which mainly focus on workplace issues and the physical environment. Examples of specific national CSR-related legislation in Kenya are: Vision 2030; Kenya National Environment Action Plan; and Draft guidelines (recently developed) by Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) Ponnu and Okoth (2009) in a study done on CSR disclosure in Kenya found that Kenyan companies are relatively small if compared in the international standards. These companies participation in social activities may not be pegged on their financial capability rather, their willingness and desire for strategic positioning within the society for future economic advantages. Some organisations business committed to practising CSR in Kenya are: The Federation of Kenya Employers (FKE) which fights against HIV/AIDS is a signatory of the Global Compact and is also involved in Kenyas Vision 2030; The Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) has established the Centre for Energy Efficiency Conservation (CEEC) and has been the focal point of the Global Compact Local Network in Kenya since September 2009; The Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA) is promoting the UN Global Compact and is active in the field of anti-corruption; East African Breweries Ltd (EABL) founded the EABL Foundation in 2005 which deals with the supply of water, environment, health, education training and other special projects, aimed at improving the lives of the people in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania; Safaricom Ltd a leading mobile service provider that has greatly contributed to the Kenya community since 2007 through its sponsorship of various projects under the spheres of community, environment, health, sports and education; Intex Construction Ltd. a Kenyan company that deals in construction, civil engineering and real estate development and is committed to CSR, environmental impact management and Corporate Social Investment (CSI); Unilever Tea Kenya Ltd. as part of its CSR agenda is involved in health care, employee welfare (housing), community participation (educational scholarships, training of farmers) and environmental care (is a corporate member of WWF and encourages sustainable agriculture); and Equity Bank the Equity Group Foundation focuses on eradication of poverty, hunger and the provision of humanitarian aid, education, gender equality and women empowerment, health, environment sustainability and voluntary service to society by the banks leadership. Kivuitu, Yambayamba Fox (2005), argue that the CSR agenda needs to be locally owned if its to make a significant contribution to the local development priorities and it must be relevant to local enterprises, whether large or small. Many scholars agree that in order for CSR and its policies to produce substantial gains within the Kenyan local community, it needs to be tailored to suit the business practices of the organisations that operate in Kenya. 6. RESEARCH QUESTIONS i) General Questions Has the practice of CSR in Kenya been successful overall? What are issues that have benefited from the practice of CSR? How much more can be done by the relevant authorities and businesses? ii) Specific Questions What are main drivers of CSR in Kenya? How many companies in Kenya practice CSR? How many of these companies are listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE)? Does the Kenyan Government participate in CSR-related activities? Are there any state policies or laws that regulate or steer CSR in Kenya? What are the various ways in which CSR is practised in Kenya? What are the critical success factors that have led to implementation of successful CSR projects in Kenya? How have local issues benefited from CSR-related activities? Are the gains substantial and/or should more be done? 7. RESEARCH METHODS i) Design (Strategy Framework) The research questions will be answered using the mixed methods cross-sectional design with a pragmatic worldview which consists of collection of both quantitative and qualitative data sequentially. This approach is based on the assumption that the collection of diverse types of data best provides a deeper understanding of the research problem posed. The study will commence with a broad survey in order to generalize the results from a sample of the businesses to the population. Then qualitative open-ended interviews will be used to collect detailed views from the participants. The strengths of both quantitative and qualitative research will provide the best understanding of this particular study. ii) Sample Sampling is an important part of the research study and this is because its cheaper, faster, practical, and more confidential in nature and lastly it has more in-depth analysis of the research problem. The research will be located in Kenya as this is the topic of the area under study. The population from which the samples will be selected will be the companies operating in Kenya (both national and foreign internationals). This is because these companies CSR practices are the major focus point of the research study. Sampling will be done through the sequential mixed methods sampling procedure, whereby the results from the QUAN strand will influence the methodology subsequently employed in the QUAL strand. The first sample will be generated through stratified random sampling where businesses will be surveyed and from these results then simple random sampling will be applied so as to investigate the issues that have benefited from CSR-related activities in Kenya. The first sample will consist of 30 companies randomly selected from: The Nairobi Stock Exchange; Foreign internationals companies operating in Kenya; and Medium-sized companies not listed on the NSE. The second sample will comprise of 20 issues that have benefited from CSR-related activities and the size of this sample will be inclusive of institutions, individuals or group of individuals, the environment and other local causes. iii) Data Collection This will be done in 2 stages as the quantitative data collection will build on the qualitative one. Quantitative data on the factors that drive and affect CSR performance by businesses will be through a cross-sectional survey using: Close-ended Online Questionnaires Advantages are: There is greater flexibility when displaying the questions in mind e.g. through check boxes, pull down menus; It allows a quicker response from the participants; Its cheaper to administer due to the absence of costs of purchasing paper, printing and postage; There is no prior arrangement to be done; They avoid any embarrassment to the respondents; There is no bias from the researcher; Reduction in the time needed for analysis as the data is collected in a central database; and Its easier to correct any errors made on the questionnaire thus no need for reprinting. Disadvantages are: There is a limited response rate because some people may not have access to the internet; They assume that the respondents are literate; There are people who are not receptive to completing questionnaires online; and There is a bias as the demographic that generally responds to online questionnaire invitations are usually younger people. Structured Telephone Interviews Advantages include: Relatively cheaper and speedier than personal interviews; There is a high response rate which is also spontaneous ; Interviews can be aided where necessary; The researcher can tape the interviews; Has accessibility to a wide geographical area; and Has more anonymity than personal interviews. Disadvantages include: The participants can terminate the interview at any time they want; Questionnaire will be required so as to guide the researcher on what to ask; There is the inevitability of repeat calls; Respondents have very little time to think; The researcher must have phone etiquette; The questions presented must be straightforward; Non-verbal cues cannot be read (visual aids cannot be used); The interviews have to be short so as to avoid irritation; and There is the danger of contacting obsolete telephone numbers while omitting unlisted ones. While qualitative data on the contributions to the local issues will be collected through: Document Review The advantages include: The information contained the documents can be verified independently; The review process can be done independently without relying on other sources extensively; and Its cheaper than other data collection methods. The disadvantages include: The information uncovered may not be in line with the requirements of the research study; The documents may be difficult to locate obtain; The information may not be available for public viewing; The documents may be located in a distant archive thus requiring the researcher to travel; It can be a time-sensitive process; and The researcher does not have control over the quality of data unearthed and thus relies on the information provided in the documents so as to assess the reliability of the sources. Open-ended/in-depth interviews Advantages are: They provide more detailed information than the other methods; and Information is collected in a more relaxed atmosphere thus interviewees are more open. Disadvantages of this method are: The respondents may be biased in order to prove a point; These interviews are time-sensitive due to transcription and analysis of this data; and They produce results that are not easily generalized due to the small samples chosen. Audiovisual materials Some advantages of this type of data collection are: Its easier for people to relate to images; They provide a gateway for participants to share their perceptions; and They provide extensive data on real-life situations. Disadvantages include: Due to the amount of extensive data collected, they are difficult to analyse; and Data collected could be easily influenced by the researched thus theres bias. iv) Data Analysis Research Question Data Source Analysis Plan What are the main drivers of CSR in Kenya? Books, dissertations, periodicals, journals research reports Content/ document analysis of the identified paper-based sources. How many companies in Kenya practice CSR? Company websites, annual reports, periodicals journals Web content analysis of the relevant company websites. Document analysis of the relevant company-related documents. How many of these companies are listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange? Nairobi Stock Exchange website Web content analysis of the NSE website. Does the Kenyan government participate in CSR-related activities? Government reports publications Content/ document analysis the accessible and relevant government sources. Are there any state policies or laws that regulate or steer CSR in Kenya? Government statutes Document analysis of government statutes dealing with CSR in Kenya. What are the various ways in CSR is practised in Kenya? Questionnaires, books, journals, research reports conference reports. Use of constant comparison (grounded theory) to analyse questions. Document analysis of the obtained documents. Use of SPSS to collate responses to the questionnaires issued. What are the critical success factors that have led to implementation of successful CSR projects in Kenya? Periodicals, dissertations, journals, books, research papers Document analysis of the books, journals, periodicals, dissertations and research papers unearthed during the research. How have local issues benefited from CSR-related activities? Interviews, company websites, questionnaires, journals, periodicals Document analysis of journals, periodicals. SPSS analysis of the interviews questionnaires issued. Web content analysis of the various companies identified. Are the gains substantial and/or should more be done? Interviews, questionnaires, research papers conference reports. Document analysis SPSS analysis Therefore, due to the mixed methods research design formulated, the research will undergo the following 5 stages in order to fully answer the research questions posed: Data Reduction It will involve the use of memoing, descriptive statistics and cluster analysis. Data Display This will be done through charts, graphs and tables. Data Consolidation Both sets of data will be combined to create new ones. Data Comparison Comparison of data from the quantitative the qualitative data sources will then be done. Data Integration Lastly, integration of both types of data into one whole will reveal the final picture. v) Assumptions The following will be made in relation to this study: That respondents will answer the questionnaires truthfully; That the samples represent the population; and The instruments used have validity and are measuring the desired constructs. 8. SIGNIFICANCE This research study is important as it will examine deeper an area that has not been fully explored by previous scholars while paying homage to them. This is due to the fact that CSR is an ever-growing phenomenon that Kenya as a developing country needs to improve on so as to catch up to its developed counterparts. This study is important to the businesses operating in Kenya as it will enable them to gauge themselves and identify areas of improvement at the same time. 9. LIMITATIONS DELIMITATIONS Limitations The study will be limited by time constraints because of the length of time provided for completing the research. It will also be limited by the number of businesses, institutions willing to participate in the study. Delimitations This study will be delimited to companies, institutions operating in Kenya that have participated in CSR-related activities in the last 10 years. 10. ETHICAL ISSUES The following ethical issues will be taken into consideration during this study: Informed consent and the participants understanding of their rights. These consents will be both written and oral in nature; Confidentiality of any information collected from the participants; and Anonymity of the interviewees before, during and after the interviews. 11. REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY ALKathiri, N.S. (2010) Collecting Qualitative Data [Online] http://www.slideshare.net/highness85/collecting-qualitative-data [Accessed on 22nd November 2010] Amaratunga, D.; Baldry, D.; Sarshar, M.; and Newton, R. (2002) Quantitative and Qualitative research in the built environment, Work Study, Vol. 51(1), pp.17-31 Baker, M. (2010) The Business in Society, Corporate Social Responsibility What Does It Mean? [Online] http://www.businessrespect.net/definition.php [Accessed on 21st November 2010] Boyce, C.; and Neale, P. (2006) Conducting In-depth Interviews: A Guide for Designing and Conducting In-depth Interviews for Evaluation Input in Monitoring and Evaluation 2, Watertown, MA: Pathfinder International, pp. 1-12 Business in the Community (2010) The CR Academy [Online] http://www.bitc.org.uk/cr_academy/index.html [Accessed on 22nd November] Chanimal (2004) Quantitative Research Considerations [Online] http://www.chanimal.com/html/quantitative_research.html [Accessed on 19th November 2010] Clarke, R.J. (2005) Research Models and Methodologies, HDR Seminar Series, Faculty of Commerce (Spring Session) Crane, A. (2008) Corporate Social Responsibility in developing countries in The Oxford handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility, Oxford University Press, pp.480-484 Creswell, J. (2009) The Selection of a Research Design in Research Design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (ed.), Newbury Park, Cal.: Sage Publications, pp. 3-21 Creswell, J. 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Has your organisation tried to reduce its environmental impact in terms of: a) Pollution Prevention? b) Waste minimisation recycling? c) Protection of the natural environment? Does your organisation supply clear accurate environmental information on its activities to the local community? Does your organisation have open dialogue with