4 Publications of the Harlem Renaissance

4 Publications of the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro Movement, was actually a cultural phenomenon that began in 1917 with the publication of Jean Toomers Cane. The artistic movement ended in  1937 with the publication of Zora Neale Hurstons novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. For twenty years, Harlem Renaissance writers and artists explored themes such as assimilation, alienation, racism, and pride through the creation of novels, essays, plays, poetry, sculpture, paintings, and photography. These writers and artists would not have been able to launch their careers without having their work seen by the masses. Four notable publications- The Crisis, Opportunity, The Messenger and Marcus Garveys Negro World printed the work of many African-American artists and writers-helping the Harlem Renaissance become the artistic movement that made it possible for African-Americans to develop an authentic voice in American society. The Crisis Established in 1910 as the official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), The Crisis was the preeminent social and political magazine for African-Americans. With W. E. B. Du Bois as its editor, the publication stuck by its subtitle: A Record of the Darker Races by devoting its pages to events such as the Great Migration. By 1919, the magazine had an estimated monthly circulation of 100,000. That same year, Du Bois hired Jessie Redmon Fauset as literary editor of the publication. For the next eight years, Fauset devoted her efforts to promoting the work of African-American writers such as Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, and Nella Larsen. Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life As the official magazine of the National Urban League (NUL), the mission of the publication was to lay bare Negro life as it is. Launched in 1923, editor Charles Spurgeon Johnson began the publication by publishing research findings and essays. By 1925, Johnson was publishing literary works of young artists such as Zora Neale Hurston. That same year, Johnson organized a literary contestthe winners were Hurston, Hughes, and Cullen. In 1927, Johnson anthologized the best pieces of writing published in the magazine. The collection was entitled Ebony and Topaz: A Collectanea and featured the work of members of the Harlem Renaissance. The Messenger The politically radical publication was established by A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen in 1917. Originally, Owen and Randolph were hired to edit a publication entitled Hotel Messenger by African-American hotel workers. However, when the two editors wrote a blaring article that exposed union officials of corruption, the paper ceased printing. Owen and Randolph quickly rebounded and established the journal The Messenger. Its agenda was socialist and its pages included a combination of news events, political commentary, book reviews, profiles of important figures and other items of interest. In response to the Red Summer of 1919, Owen and Randolph reprinted the poem If We Must Die written by Claude McKay. Other writers such as Roy Wilkins, E. Franklin Frazier, and George Schuyler also published work in this publication. The monthly publication stopped printing in 1928.   The Negro World Published by the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), The Negro World had a circulation of more than 200,000 readers. The weekly newspaper was published in English, Spanish, and French. The newspaper was dispersed throughout the United States, Africa, and the Caribbean. Its publisher and editor, Marcus Garvey, used the pages of the newspaper to preserve the term Negro for the race as against the desperate desire of other newspapermen to substitute the term colored for the race. Every week, Garvey provided readers with a front-page editorial concerning the plight of people in the African Diaspora. Garveys wife, Amy, served as an editor as well and managed the Our Women and What They Think page in the weekly news publication. In addition, The Negro World included poetry and essays that would interest people of African descent throughout the world. Following Garveys deportation in 1933, The Negro World  stopped printing.

What Teachers Should Never Say or Do

What Teachers Should Never Say or Do Teachers are not perfect. We make mistakes and occasionally we exercise poor judgment.  In the end, we are human.  There are times that we are simply overwhelmed. There are times we lose focus. There are times we cannot remember why we choose to stay committed to this profession.  These things are human nature. We will err from time to time. We are not always at the top of our game. With that said, there are several things that teachers should never say or do.  These things are detrimental to our mission, they undermine our authority, and they create barriers that should not exist. As teachers, our words and our actions are powerful.  We have the power to transform, but we also have the power to tear apart.  Our words should always be chosen carefully. Our actions must be professional at all times. Teachers have an awesome responsibility that should never be taken lightly. Saying or doing these ten things will have a negative impact on your ability to teach. 5 Things Teachers Should Never Say â€Å"I don’t care if my students like me.† As a teacher, you had better care whether or not your students like you. Teaching is often more about relationships than it is about teaching itself. If your students do not like you or trust you, you will not be able to maximize the time you have with them.  Teaching is about giving and taking. Failing to understand will lead to failure as a teacher. When students genuinely like a teacher, the teachers job as a whole becomes much simpler, and they are able to accomplish more. Establishing a good rapport with your students ultimately leads to greater success. â€Å"You will never be able to do that.† Teachers should always encourage students, not discourage them. No teachers should crush any student’s dreams.  As educators, we should not be in the business of predicting futures, but of opening doors to the future.  When we tell our students they can’t do something, we place a limiting threshold on what they may try to become. Teachers are great influencers. We want to show students a pathway to achieving success, rather than telling them they will never get there, even when the odds are against them. â€Å"You are just lazy.† When students are repeatedly told that they are lazy, it becomes ingrained in them, and pretty soon it becomes a part of who they are. Many students get mislabeled as â€Å"lazy† when there is often a deeper underlying reason that they are not putting in much effort. Instead, teachers should get to know the student and determine the root cause of the issue. Once this is identified, teachers can help a student by providing them with the tools to overcome the issue. â€Å"That’s a stupid question!† Teachers should always be willing to answer a student’s questions about a lesson or content they are learning in class. Students must always feel comfortable and encouraged to ask questions. When a teacher refuses to answer a student’s question, they are discouraging the entire class to withhold questions. Questions are important because they can extend learning and provide teachers with direct feedback allowing them to assess whether or not students understand the material. â€Å"I’ve already gone over that. You should have been listening.† No two students are the same. They all process things differently.  Our job as teachers  is to make sure that every student understands the content. Some students may require more explanation or instruction than others.  New concepts can be especially difficult for students to grasp and may need to be retaught or revisited for several days.  There is a good chance that multiple students need further explanation even if only one is speaking up. 5 Things Teachers Should Never Do Teachers should never put themselves in a compromising situation with a student. It seems that we see more in the news about inappropriate teacher-student relationships than we do about all other news related to education.  It is frustrating, startling, and sad.  Most teachers never think this can happen to them, but opportunities present themselves more than most people think.  There is always a starting point that could have been stopped immediately or prevented completely. It often starts with an inappropriate comment or text message.  Teachers must proactively ensure that they never allow that starting point to occur because it is difficult to stop once a certain line is crossed. Teachers should never have a discussion about another teacher with a parent, student, or another teacher. We all run our classrooms differently than the other teachers in our building. Teaching differently does not necessarily translate to doing it better.  We are not always going to agree with the other teachers in our building, but we should always respect them. We should never discuss how they run their classroom with another parent or student. Instead, we should encourage them to approach that teacher or the building principal if they have any concerns.  Furthermore, we should never discuss other teachers with other faculty members. This will create division and discord and make it more difficult to work, teach, and learn.   Teachers should never put a student down, yell at them, or call them out in front of their peers. We expect our students to respect us, but respect is a two-way street.  As such, we must respect our students at all times.  Even when they are testing our patience, we should remain calm, cool, and collected.  When a teacher puts a student down, yells at them, or calls them out in front of their peers, they undermine their own authority with every other student in the class. These types of actions occur when a teacher loses control, and teachers must always maintain control of their classroom. Teachers should never ignore the opportunity to listen to parent concerns. Teachers should always welcome any parent who wants to have a conference with them so long as the parent is not irate.  Parents have a right to discuss concerns with their child’s teachers.  Some teachers misinterpret parent concerns as an all-out attack on themselves.  Truthfully, most parents are simply seeking information so that they can hear both sides of the story and rectify the situation.  Teachers would be best served to proactively reach out to parents as soon as a problem begins to develop. Teachers should never become complacent. Complacency will ruin a teacher’s career. We should always strive to improve and become better teachers. We should experiment with our teaching strategies and change them up a little every year. There are multiple factors that warrant some changes each year including new trends, personal growth, and the students themselves. Teachers must challenge themselves with ongoing research, professional development, and by having regular conversations with other educators.

How Did Deng Xiaoping Justify the Introduction of Capitalism Into a Essay

How Did Deng Xiaoping Justify the Introduction of Capitalism Into a Socialist State - Essay Example In this case, he advocated for the introduction of market reforms though the future of these plans had already sparked a lot of negative signs prior to its introduction. From a closer scrutiny of the Xiaoping’s approach to the entire situation, it can be argued that he was not well motivated to steer the entire program to its completion. However, it is important to note that the leader was much more concerned with making the process work despite the negatives. Deng Xiaoping justified the introduction of capitalism into a socialist state by virtue that the peasants had spent a great deal of their time saving the amounts of produce produced to themselves as opposed to selling them to the free market. In the opinion of Deng Xiaoping, the entire would be better off if they handled both the profits and losses from their businesses. If collective responsibility would be adopted in the society, Deng Xiaoping believed that the entire country would be more productive for the reason tha t all persons would be careful not to incur any form of losses, as compared to shared profits and losses. The same case would apply for the industrial sector; in that if the factories incurred losses, they would find their own way of dealing with the blunders made. In this view point, Xiaoping’s need to come up with policies of capitalism in this socialist state was to awaken the aura of responsibility among its citizens. On another point of view, Xiaoping aimed at creating a conducive environment for the investors to come into the country. Though a lot of profits went to hands of a few persons, Xiaoping was contented with the fact that the country was undergoing a form of awakening from the fact that profits and losses were not collectively shared, but all investors whether the rich and the poor had to make all initiatives to deal with the current tough economic drawback. In turn, the society resulted into a mass of hardworking persons, all with the aim of pulling their own efforts together for their success. It can debatably be indicated that the validation of the overture of capitalism into a socialist China regime can be accredited to the fact that Xiaoping was looking for a lifelong resolution to the depression that was being experienced in the country. Xiaoping was certainly setting a ground for capitalism roots, through the move faced a lot of critics. In my standpoint, I am of the outlook that this aspect has a lot to contribute to the transition of the country from free enterprise to socialism. The prospects of privatization, in his opinion would create a new aura in the citizens who would be keen in all endeavors they make in terms of economic developments and investors. It cannot be ignored that the leader was not bound to stop at anything, an explanation of the fact that he named his policy, socialist market economy, which clearly was inclusive of capitalist policies despite the title. In your opinion, to what extent had these pro-market app roaches affected CCP's capacity to control the Chinese society? In an attempt to deal with all these changes that were taking place in the country, CCP's capacity to

Correlational Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Correlational - Research Paper Example able I choose from the study of our course while being able to make sound decisions at the workplace is the variable I choose as part of the workplace demands of a 20th century employee. I choose these two because both variables are interrelated. Having commitment in the workplace would allow one to have more ownership and a sense of responsibility towards his/her job which is a very important factor that will allow one to extract almost all possible solutions to a problem instead of jumping into the most convenient game plan that is available (Cognitive Demands of the Workplace, n.d.). On the other hand, a workplace that allows an employee to have a free hand in making decisions will increase the commitment an employee has of a company because he or she feels heard and treated as an asset that could do something beneficial to the business. Having seen the strong connection between both variables, applying the results of this survey in the workplace would definitely produce a generation of workers who would initiate breakthroughs instead of just going through the daily motions of delivering what is expected of them, would try hard to over deliver with or without a promise of an additional compensation, and lastly, would fight for any opportunity to close a deal like it was their own business even when most of the time a closed sale does not directly benefit an employee. Media, D. (n.d.). Factors Affecting Employee Performance | Chron.com. Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved February 6, 2013, from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/factors-affecting-employee-performance-978.html Cognitive Demands of the Workplace (n.d.). LDAO. Retrieved February 6, 2013, from

How does faulkner portray the south book as i lay dying Essay

How does faulkner portray the south book as i lay dying - Essay Example In this novel, â€Å"William Faulkner portrays all of his themes in the actual human drama of the South† (Faulkner) the lack of communication, the poverty; ignorance and alienation are clearly engrained in the fabric of â€Å"As I Lay Dying.† Throughout the novel, the theme of lack of communication and alienations are the key factors for each and every character. The very nature of existing side by side with people is to communicate with each other for a better understanding. Lack of communication is one of the most common universal problems shown in As I Lay Dying. In the novel the characters methods of communicating with each other are many and vary. In most cases it depends on the characters relationships with one another. The characters do not communicate effectively with one another which lead to many confusion heartache and alienation. In the novel, the characters don’t always communicate with words, but they sometimes communicate through unspoken words. The communication between Dewey and Darl is often unspoken yet powerful. Yet part of Dewey Dell hates for this closeness: "And thats why I can talk to him with knowing with hating because he knows" (Faulkner 23). Darl feels that the words which he speaks, an d yet words, his words, can be seen as â€Å"†¦just a shape to fill a lack†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Faulkner 172) with the lack of communications, the characters can only guess at the motivations, beliefs, and feelings of others. This results in misunderstandings and alienation with each other. As a result of this communication gap, the Bundren family lives an alienated life from each other. In his interview in 1959 Faulkner said about his character, "His tragedy is the impossibility-or at least the tremendous difficulty-of communication. But man keeps on trying endlessly to express himself and make contact with other human beings" (Faulkner). In the novel, Faulkner depicts the harsh reality of living in the south with empathy and grace but,

Critical Analysis of Genre in the Film Industry

Critical Analysis of Genre in the Film Industry The topic of Hollywood and genre is multifaceted, dealing with definitions, characteristics and the social cultural roles genre performs. Steve Neales Genre And Hollywood (2000), and Rick Altmans Film/Genre (1999) take on board these a genders both offering a different theoretical approach to the topic, which I will analyze then voice my own conclusion on my findings. Both show that genre is an important, productive way of thinking about Hollywoods film history, and its audience. Each book presents new research, new thinking on genre that will be investigated and applied to its appropriate film style. Questions are raised from these existing accounts: that definitions of genre are restrictive and narrow, that traditional genres are inaccurate and that cultural theories are often over generalized. The arguments on the subject will be looked into detail, presenting my own opinions on these accounts. As genre is a complex subject, with many contexts, I will be breaking the subject up, firstly looking at definitions of genre, and general concepts applying them into individual genres. I will be looking at theories on genre by a number of people all different in there opinion. With the knowledge and understanding of genre, I will look into film noir, a critical category within the Hollywood film industry. Genre has occupied an important part in the study of cinema for years. Genre is French word, meaning kind or type. The term sub-genre is also used to refer to specific traditions within a genre ( as in gothic horror, slapstick comedy and so on). When genre is discussed or defined it is usally focused on commercial mainstream films, Hollywood films in particular. Barry Keith Grant states that genres are exclusively identified with commercial cinema: Genre movies are those commercial feature films which through repetition and venation, tell familiar stories with familiar characters in familiar situations Books and articles were being published in the 1940s and 1950s, in Europe and the USA, talking about individual Hollywood genres, establishing its self more, becoming an academic formal discipline in film studies. Theorists, critics and teachers of film at this time wanted to engage in the appearance of genre and genres inparticular with popular Hollywood cinema, offering a critical approach with a desire to displace or compliment films. Hollywood films had always been discussed by reviwers and critics, usally hostile to to the films Hollywood produced, arguing they aimed at mass market, conservative,commercially produced films lacking in realism, over loaded in fantasy. During the early 1970s a generation of critics began to value elements of popluar American culture, re-assesing its value. Here the auteur theory began, more simply known as auteurism. Based around three basic premises, firstly that cinema is a personal and individual expression. The second is that individual could be the director, a figure equivalent to an artist in painting. Lastly was that cinematography authorship wasnt to be found in just Hollywood cinema. An auteur is a director whos work is characterized by distinctive elements and traits in there films, stamping each piece of work with there own personality. The criticism is that films are just the personal expression of the director. Interpreting each film in the context of the film makers style makes the director responsible for the major creative descisions. The concept of the auteur theory is a crucial development in film theory, moving away from literary analyses of films narrative content to aspects of art and style specific in film. Many questions are raised on genre as a term, with little agreement on what it exactly means, if it can be clearly defined. Genre criticism firstly began from the notion that there are many kinds of literature, with different contexts. Aristotle tried to separate his poetry , from what we call lieterature into categories such as epic, lyric, tradgedy and so on. Distinguieshing each piece of works properties, working out particular properties of each distinctive kind trying to establish their relative importance, applying these into categories. Aristotles ideas were taken up during the Renaissance placed into a set of rules so that each style, were prescribed for each kind. This codeification evolved in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, literature was being divided more into categories, each with there own subject matter. Such a doctorial approach became frowned upon. In the late 1930s a Chigargo based school of critisicm known as the neo-Aristiteians, spoke out against this new criticism, which repudiated a historical approach to literature, believing literature exists by itself without contemporary or historical refrence. An attempt was made to rescue literature from isolation, resureting the theory of genres. Now that genre has become much more of a phenomenon, expanding hugly in Hollywood encompassing the cartoon, the B movie, the gangster film and many others. Now that genre has become multi dimensional the building of generic corpuses and audience expectations need to be addressed. Verisimilitude is a theory addressing the point of what justifies a genre, its systems of plausabilty, motivation, and justifications of belief. It is these systems of expectation which the spectator brings to the cinema, in which to interact with the film its self while viewing, providing the spectator with means of recognition and understanding. Verisimilitude helps render individual films of there generic corpuses, working out the significance of what is taking place on screen, why characters are dressed the way they are, why they are acting in a certain stlye. For example if a character bursts into song, the viwer will recognize that this particular film is a musical. Its plot is liable to follow certain directions rather then others, so these systems of expectation involve a knowledge of Verisimilitude which the viewer takes with them to the cinema. Todrov explains different regimes of Verisimilitude, with notions of propriety, of what is probable in a film therefore appropriate. In a musical bursting into song is appropriate therefore probable, there for believable in a musical, but not in a sci-fi or horror film. Murder is possible in westerns, gangster, and thrillers but unlikely in romantic comedy. Singing is obligatory in a musical, likely to be seen within its narrative, the spectator interacts with this being able to acknowledge its genre. Todrov explains how there are two types of Verisimilitude. Generic Verisimilitude and cultural Verisimilitude. Work is said to have Verisimilitude in relation to two chief kinds of norms. The first we call the rules of genre: for a work to be said to have Verisimilitude, it must conform to these rules. These rules Todrov refers to stem back to the idea of regimes within genres, with notions of probability. Todrovs second type of Verisimilitude has a more social context. But there exisits another Verisimilitude†¦that the Verisimilar is not a relation between discourse and its referent, but between discourse and what readers believe is true. Defined Hollywood genres arguably involve transgressions of social cultural Verisimilitude, for the entertainment and aesthetic pleasure. Individual genres have a balance between both social cultural and generic Verisimilitude, some genres appealing more to the generic context. War films mark this appeal by using discourses, maps, memories, and so on. Horror films operate much less to this authenticity, for example the discourses they cite, like the book of revelations in the Omen, is obviously fictional. Inbetween these two cases lie science fiction, films such as Them, draw an authentic status of science and technology to motivate an otherwise non-Verisimilitude event. A relevnt theory is that of Todrovs work on The Fantastic existing of different regimes of Verisimilitude. Two categories lie in the fantastic, The Marvelous and The Uncanny. Events are understood in the marvelous as supernatural, where the uncanny is understood in terms of laws of the natural world, involving a hesitation between the two for the viewer In a world that which is indeed our world, a world without devils or vampires, there occurs an event which cannot be explained by the laws of this same familiar world. The person who experiences the event must opt for two possible solutions: Either he is the victim of an illustion of the senses, of a product of the imagination Or else the event has indeed taken place, an integeral part of reality, controlled by Laws unknown to us. The Fantastic is the uncertainty between the two, the hesitation experienced by the viewer who can only relate to the laws of nature confronting the uncanny, an apparently supernatural event. Noel Carroll applies a similar theory, in two plot structures characteristic in horror films. The first he calls the Discovery plot, consisting of four stages, onset, discovery, confirmation and confrontation. Discovery involves the failure of responsibility and capacity for belief of those in authority, while confirmation is the realignment of their event. This structure articulates a play across themes and positions of responsibility, a play between knowing and not knowing. This plot is the most serviceable narrative armature in the horror film. For example in The Exorcist, the demons presence is established by the girls abnormal behavior, which is then discovered by an individual or group, in this case the poseesed girls mother. For some reason this discovery of this threat is not acknowledged by the police, an authorertive power, as they would not believe in such a erratic tale. Its plot moves away from discovery into confirmation, where the discoverers must convince some one else of the existence and danger of this demon, becoming an elaborate part of the film creating the suspense. While the girls possessed state worsens the mother has to seek other means of help to a higher authority, the time lost during this the demon becomes for powerful. After the hesitation stage of confirmation, it converts to confrontation. The demon is in contact with mankind, as the vicar finally meets the possesed girl. It is this tension between the discoveries (mother noticing abnormal changes in daughter) and the confirmation to convince someone who will believe in the monster or demon (mother seeking help for her possesed daughter) that creates a tension, leaving the audience knowing and not knowing. A second plot is the Overreacher plot, which involves superstition and scientific knowledge. Carrol says this plays an important role to the plot structure 37 . Frankenstein is an example to this approach†¦where the discovery plots often sightedness of science, the overreacher plot critizies sciences will to knowledge. The over reachers plot has four basic movements, the first comprises the preparation for the experiament, including philisophacal approach, or a debate about the experiaments motivation. The overreacher himself can become quite megalomaniacal. Such a theory can only be applied to a horror film, as Carroll states the specifics that the plot must have shortsightedness of science, where the overreacher becomes melodramatic. Frankenstein, and Jekyll and Hyde embody the overreacher, bringing an experiment to life comprehends a debate and motivation Carroll mentions, with this melodramatic behavior from the scientist performing the act. The experiment itself goes wrong, resulting in devastation, only now does the overreacher realize the error in justifying there experiment. It is the death and destruction the monster brings to innocent people, which brings the overreacher to his senses repeling him to destroy his creation. Both theories lean heavily on suspense, which is a key ingreediant in the narrative of a horror genre Narrative suspense can occur in most, if not all, of the plot movements†¦an incident in the onset movement might involve an innocent victim being suspense fully stalked, or our discoverers purseued by the monster. These theories are emboidied in the Horror genre, this repetition of narrative links in with each film, sets the genre away from others. With similar narrative and structure the viewer can relate and then categorize this, knowing that the film they are viewing is a horror film. It is these aesthetic theories that make a genre, the expressionism and communication that define it. As the idea of repetition is inherited in genres, these were thought of as clichà ©s, that the structures are one dimensional, becoming stereo typed. Most critics shared this idea. Shazts contests that Hollywood films involve similar one-dimesional characters acting out a predictable story pattern 208 gh. This pattern becomes familiar with an audience, as each genre contains its own narrative traits such as setting, characters, and plots. A theory by Cawelti called stereotype vitalization shows how characters traits can add to audienes recognition to a genre. Stereotyped characters are commonly found for example in westerns, the audience can expect to see brawls, crooked villains and the cowboy heroine. With such sterotypes within characters it heightens the audiences acknowledgment, as they recognize previous examples with these characters. It is argued however that these stereotypes must be regenerated But a good writer must renew these sterotypes by adding new elements, by showing us some new unexpected facet, or by relating them to other stereotypes in a particular fashion†¦maintaining an interest for later generations and other cultures. Without adding to a stereotype, films would become too familiar and predictable. Stereotyped vitalization contains two elements. The first is that of a stereotyped character which embodies another contradict cal stereotypical trait. For example Sherlock Holmes stereotyped traits are of a rational, logical, man of reason. On the other hand he is also a romantic poet, drug taker, and a musician. Such opposite sterotyped traits is what makes Holmes a striking literary character, this renewal on a character adds a new element referring back to Catweitis idea of adapting on just one stereotype, bringing more to a film. Another example is that of Gary Cooper, a great western star recognized for his violence , and skill to be quick on the draw, despite being a shy man. A second form of stereotyped vitalization is the stereotyped figure becoming complex and frail, such complexity in a character can however damage a narrative. This is a very delicate matter, for if a character becomes too complex it may cast a shattering and disruptive light on the other elements of the formula. This predictability and pattern within the film allows the viwer to distinguish traits between different genres. Neale argues that we must first understand what is meant by a story pattern, and predictability. In a broad sense Neale states that the story pattern refers to the main shape of a story, that violent climaxes of war films are generically requisite therefore predictable, all common plots recognized by a viwer. However Neale states that climaxes to films in there own genre can vary considerably. War films and western films permit death or defeat as well as victory and survival 211 gh. The same can be said for romantic films, where it could end happily or unhappily, so the narrative is not completely predictable. Each genre can then follow its own narrative which contains its own stereotypes so the viwer can comprehend the genre, yet at the same time as Cawelti stated, by adding elements to the sterotype (character,narrative) the viwer can still relate to the film. This makes each film within its own genre more interesting and diverse. All genre films are distinguished by sharing the same subject matter, a samurai film for example involves swords, science fiction embraces technology, or a gangster film with violence and corruption.These films are defined by similar plots and patterns. For example the plot pattern of an investergation that concludes the early mistery, solved at the climax of the film is common in detective films. Neale however points out that although we can separate each genre, it is only by its basic terms ( a detective story is about an investergation). Hybrid films combine two elements of the same genre into one. For example a combination of horror and science fiction in Alien, or a detective tale with science fiction in Bladerunner. Neale states that classification means genres share multiple relations, not all defined by the traits. If traits can be combined in a genre, what classifies a genre? This combination or cross breeding all relates back to repetition and difference in a films genre, hybrid films however become complex, unable to be pinned down to one single defined genre. It seems most genres are hallmarked by this idea of repetition, films sharing similar attributes. Hans Robert Jauss believes genres are best under stood as process. Repetition does dominate this process , but is also marked by difference, variation, and change. There are three levels in which a genre manifests itself. A level of expectation, level of generic corpus, and the rules and norm that administer both. A new film adds an existing generic corpus to a genre, as in Dracula where the character has to be characterized supernaturally or psychologically as is the case in the film Psycho. These are extended in a new genre film by adding new elements or transgressing an old one. John Carpenters Halloween played between psychological and supernatural elements both displayed within the monster. With this a genre is not simply being replayed but its generic corpus is expanded. It is films with the same generic corpus that base around expectation. Generic elements can be found in advertising. Where this develops so to does a films image, where a genre can expand and change as well. An original text is the viewers expectation familiar to him or her from earlier texts; these can be as shown, extended and varied. With each genre expanding on an original narrative it is as Neale states difficult to fully list the characteristics of each individual genre. Only can we define them in a broad sense, for example a war film that represents its wages in warfare, its main familiar trait, yet with each war film with its own separate narrative. Aesthectic characterictics are found in mass produced genres, Neale states that the term genre is not only used in film but in art and entertainment. Williams relates back to the roots of genre as a term, how it has evolved fistly Borrowed as a critical tool from literary studies†¦a concept in film studies raises some fairly tough questions. Genre films referring to a genre category substitute film narrative. Williams believes this to be the real genre, considering genres more as narrative film, documentary, or avant garde. It is these sub-genres that Williams believes to have more significant differences that we can distinguish. Ralph Cohen also relates heavily to the roots of the term genre, as it evolved in the nineteenth century, where popular mass produced fiction was making its first appearance. Hollywoods industry has played a huge role partly responsible for creating genres. Hollywood sets out to make profitable films to a mass market, where directors create different films each time as the audience would get bored seeing the same similar films, resulting in viewers not turning up to cinemas, leaving companies bust. Neale uses a nice analogy to illustrate this idea. A car company creates models to keep up with current trends, to keep there products in demand, yet each car has an idenity with one an other. Its principles apply to the film industry. Hollywood genres have the same ranges, producing films with similariteies but each with its own unique touch to keep its audience entertained They enable the industry to meet obligations of variety and difference inherent in this product†¦to regulate demand Hollywoods studios focus on this idea of adding to a genre to keep up demand, to maximize there profit. Studios developed in the 1920s, where groups of studios began such as Universal Pictures, United Artists, and Columbia Pictures, all producing films. These were the main high profit studios, only later did smaller studios develop creating indepentant films. Backed with money the major studios were creating films for the spectible, with higher budgets to draw in there audience. Smaller companies however were not able to show there films, until 1948 where government legislation meant that the smaller studios could release there films into the cinema. With this, studios could market there films in a predictable way with expert staff, directors, producers, and starts. All this meant studios could create there own generic enterprise. With changing ideas and narrative to engage an audience, a genre keeps to its generic form aswel as incorpaerating new plots and style for the audience to enjoy. John Ellis agrees with the importance of the institutional aspects of genre. Ellis mentions the narrative image for each film is a strong hint to its genre, but also stronger when applied in advertising Television and radio often plays a huge part in the construction of such images†¦but also a key role is played by the industry its self. Films advertising to the public, in posters, or television show a clear image of its narrative. Reviews on films state its generic framework, even on posters, statements are shown the comedy of the year clearly telling the viewer the films genre. It is this that raises the publics expectations through means of media, a method Ellis calls inter-textual relay. As any business, it wants to draw its target audience in; the film industry is no different. By advertising a narrative and in some cases even telling us the genre it sells the film instantly. Without advertising the public would simply have to go on a film by word of mouth. Without advertising its audience would be confused, not knowing the films genre, there for unlikely to go to the cinema and pay to watch the film. Inter-textual relay circulates a number of generic labels, terms, and names. It is there existence that makes a genre, although Altman argues Hollywood has a limited role to play when mentioning categories and terms. The industrial/journalistic term thus finds a hypothesis about presence of meaningful activity, but does not necessarily contribute a definition or delimitation of the genre in question Agreeably advertising does not fully explain the narrative, but does tell us the fundamental framework, the basic premises that the audience analyses and can make there own assumption of its genre.

The History of Computers in Education :: Technology in Education Computers Essays

The History of Computers in Education Computers were first introduced into schools in the late 1950, however, at that time they were only used by large universities for clerical work such as accounting, payroll, and for storing student records. Computers began to emerge more and more in the 1950, but it was still uncommon to see computers in schools. Today, one will find that quite the opposite exists. Since 1977 there has been a rapid growth in the use of computers throughout schools. Today the average public elementary school has 110 computers and 98% of these schools have access to the Internet. The ratio of students to computers, as of the year 2000 is less than five students per computer (Kafer np). Since their first appearance they have greatly changed education and have proved to be useful, valuable resources both in and out of the classroom. In the mid 1960 through the early 1970 the cost of computers decreased, while the availability of the machines increased. This allowed more schools and colleges to buy and use computers. With this new technology, teachers, administrators, and other school personnel could complete required tasks in less amount of time. One main benefit of computers in schools was that they saved the time and the energy of those who operated them. When computers were first introduced into schools they were largely used for secretarial tasks and administrative purposes. Records of the school students and faculty could all be stored on a computer. Also, inventory control and accounting could be done with a computer now. Computers allowed schools to keep and produce accurate records, which helped avoid financial disputes. Grades and attendance could now be stored on a computer drive, which also prevented disputes over miscalculations that might have occurred if records were kept by hand. Another administrative convenience introduced with computers was the ability to process and print student schedules. School resources, such as library books could now be managed through a computer system, monitoring what books were on loan and what was available. Having computer access in schools was extremely beneficial for administrative purposes.

The Economy of Uae

On what will the economy of the United Arab Emirates be based after the termination of oil resources? Among the independent states in the region of Persian Gulf, there are many countries which have achieved essential economics success, using the resource factor in their development. The Federation of the United Arab Emirates is considerably the best one. Owing to the richest oil deposits and the competent policy of using the given natural resources, it took them only 30 years to become one of the richest states in the world and reach the income level comparable with the highly developed countries.However, what will be the base of the UAE’s economy, when the world runs out of oil supplies? Before the discovery of oil and gas sources the Trucial States (which today form the UAE) had limited resources and its economy depended mainly on agriculture and the trade in pears, that is why that period reflected the state of a simple subsistence economy. Since 1970 the situation began to change. December 2, 1971 six of the seven emirates (the emirate Ras-al-Khaimah joined in 1972) announced the creation of the federation called the United Arab Emirates.This event coincided with a massive increase in oil production, followed by a further sharp rising of oil prices. This course of events allowed the UAE to achieve the economic prosperity. At the same time, the ruling Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, realizing that oil is a finite resource, commissioned to work out a plan which could reduce the dependence of the state on oil. The state budget revenue in 1980 was fully formed with the profits from oil and gas. However, it was decided to develop a plan of the diversification of economy.Trade and tourism were chosen as the general directions. From year to year, the dependence on petrol production in the state is increasing: in 1980 oil took about 80% of GDP, but today, according to a number of sources oil takes about 30 % of GDP. The reduction of oil industry is happen ing due to the intensive development of the following sectors: trade, tourism and construction activity. Transport infrastructure is fairly well-developed and the foreign investments are actively being involved to the economy. What is the future of the UAE?How is the economy of the state going to develop without oil, which supplies, according to Jack Gerard’s researches (2005) will be absolutely depleted in 50 years? What kind of challenges will the United Arab Emirates be forced to face? Every state is a part of the world community and problems which the world faces, sooner or later will be actual in a separate state. One of the world biggest threats is the food crisis. For some countries it is relevant today, for others it is something, which they will have to face in the nearest future.Every state that wants to get rid of this terrible problem should actively create alternative sources of energy and develop the agriculture, right now. The UAE is not an exception. The main problem the UAE faced on the way of developing this sector is climate. There is no doubt that the investment funds, emitted on the construction of desalination water factories, make the agriculture industry more independent. Unfortunately, that is not enough. While the state has the time and possibilities it is necessary to concentrate seriously on this problem.They have to coordinate the directions of the Science Researches and achieve the high level of different types of technologies that will help to improve the necessary sectors quickly. In the future UAE must become the leader in producing the food stuff and also dematerializing water. Time is flying but no one accepts the fact that soon people around the world will depend on the quality and quantity of water and food. Implementation of these plans will enable the UAE to become the highly industrial state in 21st century, regardless the oil. The production of food and water will definitely fix the state up with economical stabi lity.

Data Mining in CRM Framework Essay

Data Mining in CRM Framework Essay Data Mining in CRM Framework Management Essay Data Mining in CRM Framework Management Essay Data mining can be used to enhance customer relation management. The technique can be used to identify the trends in key business indicators. To do this, the customers will be classified into several clusters using the RFM model in order to identify high value customers. Data mining will be undertaken through association rules algorithms. Data Mining in CRM Framework for a Health Insurance Company We will thereafter measure the similarity, differences and modified differences for the mined data and base them into three sets, that is, emerging pattern rule, the unexpected change rule and added rule. We will utilize matching rule thresholds to derive all the types of possible rules and further explore the rules that exhibit significant change based on the degree of change under measurement. Current paper shall utilize data mining techniques to discover the spending patterns and the prevailing trends of behavior change. It will help the management to identify the potential changes in customer preferences. Identifying customer trends will help the company in decision making especially with regard to the policy preferred by the customers or will offer crucial insights with regard to the possible changes to policies, or the introduction of new product or services in line with the customer preferences identified through the data mining process. Data mining is a computational process aimed at discovering the prevailing patterns from large data set. This approach is very vital in analyzing critical activities for a firm based on the data available from various sources. This project seeks to analyze data mining applications in customer relations management specifically for health insurance company (Rai, 6). Rationale for Choosing the Topic Customer relation management is a management technique that utilizes company’s data banks to identify the preferences exhibited by their customers. This enables companies to better offer services by aligning their product offering to the customer preferences. For instance,health insurance company can utilize data mining techniques to identify key trends such as customer’s preferred insurance policy among other trends. Identifying this crucial trend is critical to a company’s survival. Selling insurance policy is the main business for insurance companies. Therefore, identifying the right insurance policies is directly influential to company survival. This, therefore, necessitates that clear customer relation management strategies are designed (Levy 6). Numerous research findings have shown that utilizing company data banks by deducing critical information about customers and identifying the underlying trends using classification algorithms and other data mining te chniques is the best technique to manage the existing and or prospecting customers. Problem Statement This paper seeks to identify key customer trends in health care insurance company. Specifically, the paper will use data mining techniques to identify preferred insurance policy and customer spending patterns. Further, the paper will show how health insurance company can utilize information obtained through data mining techniques to enhance customer relation management. Finally, the paper will show how this process can be used to ensure the company, not just survives but also succeeds. Customer Relationship Management Customer relation management is a strategy of customer management that integrates data from sales, marketing and other services. The strategy makes use of procedures and technology to help companies understand their customers better. In addition, the available information can be used to show the customer from different perspectives. Rai (4) identified customer relationship management as a customer centric approach that can help identify customer lifecycle. Rai (34) argued that is the best approach that a company can engage in order to retain customers and achieve customer satisfaction. Customer relation management is a concept that has been used for quite a long time now (Rai, 14). Evolution of data Mining Techniques in Customer Relation Management A huge number of businesses in very diverse industries have used this approach albeit, not in the same form as is done today according to Chorianopoulos and Tsiptsis (23). In the past, companies had to identify and keep customer background, spending habits in unconventional ways for instance memorizing by small businesses or keeping hard copy data for large companies. These companies would thereafter choose promotion strategies among other customer related decision based on this information. This is the same principal today. However, the methods of obtaining information and classifying such information have drastically improved. For instance, companies have a lot of information about their customer obtained from various sources which is stored in company’s data banks. This information can further be classified using specialized computer algorithms (Chorianopoulos and Tsiptsis 46). Using RFM models to Select and Segment Data RFM (Recency, Frequency and Money Value) is the most used model for selection and segmentation of collected data in order to make analysis easy according to Chorianopoulos and Tsiptsis (35). A firm can use RFM models to sort out the customers targeted from a huge list of customers to enable informed decision making. RFM models of data mining have the ability to make huge influences on a company’s success if the information made available is utilized well by a firm. Sung and Sang used the non-transformed RFM values as direct input variables for building models and then categorized customers into groups using cluster analysis. From the corresponding information marketing strategies and other customer, related activities can be planned based on the different customer clusters identified. On the other hand, Goldman argued that using data mining techniques, for instance using the RFM model of data mining has the effect of avoiding the time wasting and helps companies conserve †˜energy’ by pursuing the customers that the company who would offer the company little or no profits. By doing so, companies can generate better returns by focusing all their resources on the segments of customers who would give the companies better profit margins (Chorianopoulos and Tsiptsis 78). Role of Information in Fuelling Business Growth Information plays a very critical in the growth and development of businesses according to research finding by Levy (24). Consequently, the information in businesses databases can be very helpful in ensuring the success of the company. However, this information can only if it is utilized, so trends are deduced from the huge amounts of data. The information in the data bases is obsolete unless elaborate measures are put in place to ensure that it is accessed and grouped such that it shows important indicators and trends in relation to customer experiences and preferences. Once the indicators and trends have been identified, a company can use the information to design strategies that ensure they keep the customers and keep them satisfied too. The success in keeping customers loyal to a brand and satisfied has a direct positive relation with a company’s survival and success regardless of the industry in which the company operates (Levy 23). Proposed Project and Purpose The project that I have chosen involves the use of neural networks to predict the customer retention rate and also give the customer insight. The main aim of this because one of the most significant indicators of the marketing campaign is consumer behavior. This project is aimed at studying the behaviors of the customers so as to predict the retention rate. The project is also meant to give the company a model through which it can judge its market position in the future. This calculation gives the company a chance to calculate the profitability margin of all the portfolios that they have invested in. The process involved will be collecting data and then testing the data collected with data mining tools that will be installed in the system of the Java system used. Criterion Used Neural networks will be the process used to calculate the probability of the customer terminating his or her policy. Once the calculation is done, the results will then be categorized depending on the threshold. The calculation that is most significant result in this process is the ability of the project giving an accurate calculation. For the success of this project to be achieved, the project must give accurate results on the probability. This gives the company an accurate calculation of the performance of the portfolio. The performance of the portfolio then helps the company calculates the profit that is expected (Rai 56). I choose Neural networks over decision trees mainly because neural networks are more accurate than decision trees. Neural networks enable the users to come up with a classification of the results obtained. This will be very important in Insurance as the clients of the company can be classified depending on their probability of cancelling their policy. Decision trees do not allow the user to classify the data depending on the results obtained. This means that the first intention of creating a classification has failed. It is also very easy to create decision trees from the results obtained from neural networks. This means that neural networks enable the user to create a further analysis if the need arises. Decision trees though easy to use have a weakness when it comes to accuracy that is why I chose neural networks. Advantages The main reason why am proposing this particular project is because it has been successfully applied in many applications. Neural networks have been applied in learning, supervised and unsupervised applications with excellent results. The project also has a time saving quality. Neural networks do not require excessive training to learn the algorithm. Once the algorithm is installed in the Java application being used, it does not require any too much training. The results obtained are also very comprehensible and do not require a lot of time to comprehend them. Overcoming Challenges It is expected that there may be an objection that may arise if once the project is explained. One objection that may arise will be associated with the cost implementing the project. Neural networks are more expensive to install than decision trees. This means that anyone who looks at the cost may object the project. The response to this will be to explain the limitations that come with decision trees. It will be on no use installing a program that does not meet the needs of the company (Levy 34). The response to this objection will be to explain that the costs of this project will be recoverable easily in the future. All the necessary research has been carried out. I have also considered all the emerging trends that one needs to consider before engaging in any project. Plan of Activities Major Activities There are a number of activities that will be undertaken as illustrated in the work plan below; Data Collection Before conducting the data mining process, we will first schedule an interview with a client attached to the insurance company headquarters in Boston. The aim of this interview will be lay ground work and assess the prevailing conditions of the company’s data. Data Preparation After laying the ground work, all the available data- all the data that is available and authorized by the company- will be integrated and explored to identify how useful it can be in identifying or predicting the indicators required. Building and Validating Models At this stage, the data mining techniques and models will be built based on the available data and the goals for the project. Deploying the Models This task will basically be involved with putting the selected models into practice. Assessing the Identified Trends This process will involve assessing the trends identified by the data mining techniques in order to aid in the decision making. As mentioned earlier, the main aim of the project is to identify how data mining can influence customer relationship management. At this stage, the trends outputted will be assessed by the management. Data Sources The data to be reviewed will be sourced from the health insurance company data bases. There are numerous sources of data for an insurance company. Any data collected and stored by the company is important and will be used for this project. This include all the data stored in the company’s data bases and any other data collected in other ways, for instance interviews for the purpose of this project (Levy, 34). Special Tasks and Needs System Software To establish patterns and trends in a large set of data, in this case from the huge data base of the health insurance company, software with comparatively complex algorithms and data handling techniques are required to be installed in order for them to monitor and highlight the trends. Such software is available in the different operating systems versions. Technical Experts Data mining is a very delicate operation. Its success relies on the ability to identify the critical variables in the data set and the design of the most effective strategies of utilizing these variables to show or predict trends and patterns. Data mining techniques experts will be required so as to help identify and design the best models for the process. Data Mining Modeling This is by far the most important event. Data mining models are the real value behind the whole process. Regardless of the technique used a good data mining models has the ability to provide user-specific solutions. To identify the best model to utilize, the data mining experts sourced earlier will help the health insurance company management to choose the model that best suits their requirements. Items to be Produced For the purpose of this project, illustrations covering various operations of the data mining process and test reports will be provided. Evaluation This project will be judged based on the applicability and the ability demonstrated to solve the problem identified. The main objective of this project is to demonstrate how data mining techniques and tools can be used by a health care insurance firm to manage its customer relation operations, specifically customer retention rates and offer customer insights. The project success will, therefore, be pegged on the ability to demonstrate ability to use data mining techniques to identify patterns and trends using the most effective models of data mining, the effective application of the model, and the successful use of the trends and patterns identified to influence customer relationship with the insurance company (Rai, 34). Features to be Assessed Data Mining Models The model choice is the most crucial part of the data mining process as identified earlier. The justification and the process of identifying the best model and the subsequent successful use of the model can be assessed as an indicator of the success of the project. The overall effectiveness and success of the project is determined by the success in using the best model. Deliverables The outcome of the project will be the production of neural networks with the capability to assess the customer retention rates for health insurance company. The networks will not only have the capability to predict the probability that a customer will continue or terminate a policy, but will also have the capability to indicate the same even with changes to the costs of the premium. Specifically, there will be two neural networks attached to the two clusters of data- the probability contract will be terminated, and the probability contract will not be terminated cluster. Technical Content live CHAT The CRM theory states that the cost of acquiring new customers is always expensive, therefore, the business will always retain their customers by offering them with favorable policies and benefits that are customer friendly. Therefore, the insurance company will use business intelligence theories to ensure minimal cost of operation with increase database of clients. The business intelligence theories help the insurance company to identify new opportunities by developing types of policy covers that ensure customer satisfaction (Provost and Tom, 109). Predicting Customer Retention Rates To predict the chances that the company will retain its customers, the neural networks will be programmed to output a number between zero and one. This will indicate the probability that the holder of a health insurance policy will terminate the contract or not. Data will then be categorized into different sets based on a predetermined threshold of 0.5. Any figure above the threshold will be categorized under a threat of termination while any figure below the threshold will be categorized under no threat of termination (Levy, 34). In this case, the concern is more on the maximization of profitability by selecting the portfolio with the highest returns while at the same time keeping a good market share. To achieve this, the threshold will be set where the predicted rates of termination will be equal to the actual rates of termination. A threshold of 0.204 is set to predict an actual termination rate of 14.7 percent. This will produce an accuracy of 85 %. Further, to enhance the ability of the neural networks to predict the termination rate when premiums are varied, individual clusters will be subdivided into different bands. On the other hand, to improve the accuracy of the predictions, clusters will be split at the point where accuracy starts to reduce. This will isolate the policy holders based on the significance of the increase in premiums. Two separate neural networks will be deployed for each of the clusters to improve the prediction accuracy. Data mining techniques can be successfully used to help the company manages its customer relations. The techniques utilize the huge amounts of raw data which is correlated and segmented using specialized computer software into clusters. From this, patterns and trends of consumer behaviors can be deducted. For this project, raw data from health care insurance company was utilized to identify the rates of customer retention as well as to give different insights into consumer behaviors. This information can then be used by management to design customer relation strategies. The successes of these strategies have a direct impact on the success of the business, in this case, the health insurance company.

To Use or not to Reuse A Case for Recycling

To Use or not to Reuse A Case for Recycling Introduction One of the key challenges that have emerged in the 21st century is how to deal with the waste produced by individuals and the harmful effects associated with it. The level of waste material has exhibited significant increase over the past century due to the rise in human population and higher living standards, which have made it possible for people to afford more commodities.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on To Use or not to Reuse: A Case for Recycling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Waste management is an important issue since trash takes up the land resources of a country and negatively affects the environment if it is not dealt with properly. Since getting people to reduce the amount of trash they produce may be hard to achieve, recycling is the most feasible solution to the problem. This method can help improve the growing waste problem globally at the same time reducing the environmental im pact. Recycling is a practical solution since most of the waste disposed of by people can be recycled. However, the level of recycling is still significantly low in the US. Cantu reveals that while 80% of the waste produces by Americans is recyclable, only 28% of it gets recycled (14). Recycling of waste is the only way through which the world can deal with its growing waste problem and as such, policies should be put in place to ensure that everyone engages in this activity. A Case for Recycling For many materials, recycling decreases the energy consumption in the manufacturing industries. The manufacturing industry is an energy intensive one with vast quantities of energy being used in the mineral extraction and processing stages. The reuse of materials such as metals can help significantly reduce the energy consumption by the industry. Tulchinsky states that the production of steel and aluminum from virgin ore are both very polluting and energy intensive (343). The energy consume d during the mineral extraction phases can be saved on by reusing material. Gaustad and Elsa document that while 175 megajoules per kilogram of energy is used to produce aluminum from primary sources; recycled aluminum only required 10 to 20 megajoules per kilogram (287). This energy advantage should create a strong economic incentive to recycle since the manufacturing cost will be reduced and the end product less costly. The reduced energy consumption facilitated by recycling is beneficial to the environment since it will mitigate the negative environmental costs of burning fuels. The energy needs of the manufacturing industry have contributed significantly to the global warming problem currently being experienced on Earth (Calcott 290). This is because most industries make use of fossil fuels that are the primary contributors of green house gases. The mining process also contributes to the carbon emission since mineral extraction is energy intensive and the raw materials often hav e to be transported to the industry for processing (Tulchinsky 343). Recycling will reducing the energy usage will therefore reduce green house gas emissions and thus mitigate environmental impacts such as global warming.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Recycling will reduce the environmental impact of urban waste disposal methods. At the present, the two most prevalent forms of waste management techniques are landfills and incinerators. The OECD observes that landfills release methane and CO2 while waste incinerators emit heat and energy that contributes to climate change (124). The methane emitted by landfills is particular of concern since the gas continues to be released into the environment for decades after waste disposal (Calcott 290). A waste management method that reduces the amount of waste taken to the landfills or incinerators will help mitig ate the environmental impact of these two methods. Recycling can help reduce the burden on the diminishing mineral resources on our planet. Demand for raw materials has led to the extensive extraction of minerals from the earth all through the 21st century. This demand can be expected to increase as fast developing countries such as China and India require even more minerals to fuel their industrial growth. The earth is not capable of providing these minerals indefinitely since most of them are non-renewable resources. Relying on these primary deposits is therefore unsustainable. Recycling helps overcome this problem since it creates an alternative source of these raw materials. Cantu asserts that because of the intensive steel recycling efforts in the US, 50% of the steel produced in the country over the past 50 years has been from scrap metal making recycled steel the single largest source of ray material for the steel making industry (15). These efforts reduce the demands on the steel deposits on earth therefore guaranteeing future sustainability. Recycling will reduce the burden currently placed on landfills, which have to accommodate increasing loads of waste. Landfill sites are huge holes in the ground excavated to dump rubbish and solid waste products. As the population increases and the amount of waste increases with it, some cities are running out of space for landfills. As it currently stands, the landfills used in the country are filling up and if nothing is done about the waste problem, more land will be required to accommodate the waste (Tulchinsky 343). Land is a scarce and valuable resource in the country and landfills will take up more land that could be used for economically beneficial activities or housing. The difficulties of placing new landfill sites are increasing since nobody wants a landfill near his community. The local community is exposed to negative impacts of landfills, which include; noise, odor, and negative impacts on property v alues (Morgan 35). In addition to this, landfills present possible health hazards since pollution can leak into streams and groundwater. Recycling can help to alleviate this problem since it significantly reduces the amount of waste taken to the landfills.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on To Use or not to Reuse: A Case for Recycling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recycling reduces the economic burden placed on people to cover waste disposal. In the recent years, the cost of placing waste materials in a landfill has been increasing with up to 300% increases observed in some localities (Tulchinsky 342). These costs can be expected to continue to rise as stricter government regulations are passed to try addressing the waste problem in the country. ( In addition to this individual costs, waste disposal also costs the entire community since in most cases, the waste management industry is financed through taxati on. Sorting material to be recycled at the source will reduce the cost that individuals have to incur to dispose their garbage. Arguments against Recycling and Counterarguments Opponents of recycling argue that there are alternative methods that can be used to deal with the waste problem with reduced environmental impact. Improving incineration technologies lead to less air pollution and resource consumption (OECD 125). By using such methods, the society can avoid the negative impacts of waste disposal on the environment and save on space used in the landfills. While it is true that new cost-effective waste disposal technologies can be used, these methods do not lead to the desirable zero-carbon emissions or reduce mineral use. The sharp reduction in environmental impact and resource preservation can only be possible through recycling. In addition to this, alternative methods increase waste generation, which is not only expensive but also damaging to the environment. Miller and Spoo lman note that incinerators encourage waste production and discourage recycling or waste reduction since incinerators must be fed huge volumes of trash every day to be economically feasible (413). Recycling is the only method that does not encourage waste generation and promotes sustainability. Recycling does not make economic sense for material that is cheaply available or hard to recycle. Miller and Spoolman reveal that while it may make economic sense to recycle valuable and easy to recycle materials such as aluminum, paper, and steel, the same does not apply for cheap and plentiful resources (411). For example, glass made of silica is cheap and recycling efforts are more expensive than manufacturing new products. Plastic is also easily manufactures but recycling it is a complicated process due to the difficulty of separating from process. Attempting to recycle such products only adds to the economic burden of the society since subsidies have to be offered to make the recycled pr oducts competitive. Critics therefore argue that if recycling is not able to pay for itself, it should not be undertaken (Miller and Spoolman 411).Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While it is true that some products such as glass and plastic are hard to recycle and the recycled product might be costlier than a non-recycled one, this should not be used as an argument against recycling. Disposing of products is a costly process that is funded by charges to households and businesses. It is therefore justifiable if the recycling process costs people some money. Waste can be disposed in such a manner that it generates energy. Incinerators which burn waste products can be used to run steam turbines and produce electricity. Miller and Spoolman document that this electricity can be used to power many households thereby making waste a useful product in energy production (413). The methane gas produced by landfills can be collected and used to power households. Critics argue that recycling is not necessary since waste product can be used in this positive ways. While waste product can be used for energy generation, the processes lead to air and land pollution. Incinerat ors produce electricity but at a high operating cost and a significant damage to the air quality. These factors have led to intense opposition to their use by citizens in the US. Recycling is still the best method to make use of waste material. Conclusions This paper set out to argue that recycling waste is the only means through which the waste problem can be addressed and the environment protected. The paper began by reasserting that waste is one of the most costly environmental problems facing the world. It then proceeded to highlight the significant benefits that can be obtained from recycling. In addition to the reduced environmental impact, recycling will reduce the demand on non-renewable resources and foster sustainability. The paper has noted that while recycling is costly and may add to the taxpayer burden if it is funded by the government, the benefits accrued from such programs far outweigh the monetary cost. Governments should therefore provide incentives to discourage waste and foster a culture of recycling in the society. Calcott, Paul. â€Å"Waste, recycling, and ‘design for environment’: Roles for markets and policy instruments†. Resource and Energy Economics. 27.1 (2005): 287–305. Web. Cantu, Diana. â€Å"From Trash to Treasure: Recycling Scrap Metal into Steel†. Technology and Engineering Teacher. 8.2 (2011): 14-21. Web. Gaustad, Gabrielle, and Elsa Olivetti. â€Å"Design for Recycling Evaluation and Efficient Alloy Modification†. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 14.2 (2010): 286-308. Web. Miller, Tyler, and S. Spoolman. Environmental Science. NY: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Morgan, William. â€Å"Understanding recycling behavior in Kentucky: Who recycles and why†. Journal of Materials. 60.8 (2008): 32-35. Web. OECD. Cities and Climate Change. Brussels: OECD Publishing, 2010. Print. Tulchinsky, Theodore. The New Public Health: An Introduction for the 21st Century. Boston: Academic Press, 2009 . Print.

Research methods and ICT Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research methods and ICT - Literature review Example Hence, health care sector is increasingly utilising the power of information and communication technology (ICT). The emerging trend suggest that an informatics based integrated health care service network is not very far away. The National Health Service (NHS) of UK is rapidly advancing in this direction. It has a clear approach and the target is to integrate the health care services with ICT to ensure highest order of efficiency. â€Å"For 2008-2009, the main NHS spending figure was ?1.63 billion, but this does not cover all spending on ICT by the health service.† (Marsden, 2010). This proves that the urge to develop an integrated information technology (IT) based framework for the health care processes is significant. The main focus of this enormous fiscal spending is on NHS. â€Å"The ?1.63 billion spend by user base comes out with strategic health authorities bottom at ?27 million, primary care trusts ?682 million and far away in the lead, NHS trusts at ?915 million.† (Marsden, 2010) However, the spending patterns of the government have attracted criticisms as well. There are allegations that the overseas companies like â€Å"CSC, Fujitsu and Atos appear to have been the biggest beneficiaries of NHS IT spending, with the former raking in a whopping ?232m for its work during the period.† (Muncaster, 2010). ... tronic care record for patients and to connect 30000 general practitioners to 300 hospitals, providing NHS CFH (Connecting for Health) is responsible for delivering this programme. In due course it is planned that patients will also have access to their records online through a service called HealthSpace. NHS CFH agency will create the world’s biggest civil information technology programme.† (White, 2010). To comprehend this sort of planning, review of the NHS structure becomes critical. â€Å"NHS is divided into two sections: primary and secondary care. Primary care is the first point of contact for most people and is delivered by a wide range of independent contractors, including GPs (General Physicians), dentists, pharmacists and optometrists. Secondary care is known as acute healthcare and can be either elective care or emergency care. Elective care means planned specialist medical care or surgery, usually following referral from a primary or community health profes sional such as a GP.† (National Health Service, 2009). Thus, it can be concluded that the NHS functionary is rather diversified. It consists of primary care trusts (control eighty percent of the total budget of NHS), acute trusts, care trusts, mental health trusts and agencies like NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) (National Health Service, 2009). Hence, the technical aspect of the ICT integration process will involve synchronisation of diverse agencies, offices and hospitals. Database management is crucial, since the knowledge handling systems will have to distribute, display, retrieve, organise, keep and acquire current knowledge. This would provide the clinicians, GPs, and researchers with updated information. The patients will be able to access and retrieve their

Discussion Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Discussion Question - Essay Example Compare and contrast the flow of litigation in criminal cases and civil proceedings. Include a discussion of the introduction of each type of case in the process, the participants, and the role of the court in each. A civil case involves a situation where an individual or a particular entity states that another entity has failed to reach the legal responsibilities they ought to carry out. The duties in such a case are established under the constitutional law. It is thus the role of the courts to see to it that these people receive quality treatment and consequently either lead to annulment of the agreement or resolution of the dispute. In criminal cases, the person is charged in a legal process referred to as an indictment. On behalf of the American citizens, the government takes up the responsibility of prosecuting the particular person or group (Herring 35). The attorney’s office has the responsibility of prosecuting these state