Types of Tonsillitis: An Overview of Causes and Treatments

Types of Tonsillitis An Overview of Causes and TreatmentsThere ar 2 main founts of tonsillitis acute and degenerative. Acute tonsillitis preserve either be bacterial or viral in origin. Subacute tonsillitis is sired by the bacterium Actinomyces. inveterate tonsillitis cig atomic number 18t last for long periods of time if not treated, and is mostly ca employ by bacterial infection.Symptoms of tonsillitis take on a severe atrocious throat, (which whitethorn be experienced as referred pain to the ears), painful/difficult swallowing, coughing, headache, myalgia (muscle aches), febricity and chills. Tonsillitis is characterized by signs of red, swollen tonsils which whitethorn have a purulent exudative coating of white patches (i.e. pus). Swelling of the eyes, face, and fill in may occur.In some cases, symptoms of tonsillitis may be confused with symptoms for EBV pathogenic mononucleosis, know colloquially as mono(US) or Glandular Fever (elsewhere). Common symptoms of Glandu lar Fever overwhelm fatigue, loss of appetite, an enlarged spleen, enlarged lymph nodes, and a severe sore throat, sometimes accompanied by exudative patches of pus.It is in any case important to understand that symptoms will be experienced differently for each person. Cases that be caused by bacteria argon ofttimes followed by beat rash and a flushed face. Tonsillitis that is caused by a virus will mount symptoms that ar flu-like such as unstable nose or aches and pains throughout the body. Even though the infection will not cure immediately, tonsillitis symptoms unremarkably improve 2 or 3 days after treatment starts.Acute tonsillitis is caused by both bacteria and viruses and will be accompanied by symptoms of ear pain when swallowing, bad suggestion, and drooling along with sore throat and fever. In this case, the surface of the tonsil may be bright red or have a grayish-white coating, while the lymph nodes in the neck may be swollen. The most common form of acute ton sillitis is strep throat, which can be followed by symptoms of skin rash, pneumonia, and ear infection. This particular strand of tonsillitis can lead to damage to the heart valves and kidneys if not treated. Extreme tiredness and malaise are also experienced with this condition with the enlargement of the lymph nodes and adenoids.Chronic tonsillitis is a heady infection in the tonsils. Since this infection is repetitive, crypts or pockets can form in the tonsils where bacteria can store. Frequently, small, foul smelling stones (tonsilloliths) are found within these crypts that are made of high quantities of sulfur. These stones cause a symptom of a full throat or a throat that has something caught in the back. A foul breath that is characterized by the smell of rotten eggs (because of the sulfur) is also a symptom of this condition. Other symptoms that can be caused by tonsillitis that are not normally associated with it include snoring and disturbed sleep patterns. These conditio ns develop as the tonsils enlarge and begin to obstruct other areas of the throat. A persons voice is generally affected by this type of illness and changes in the tone of voice a person normally has. While a person may only move hoarse, it is possible for laryngitis to develop if the throat is used too much while the tonsils are swollen or inflamed. Other uncommon symptoms that can be experienced with tonsillitis include vomiting, constipation, a tongue that feels furry or fuzzy, difficulty opening the mouth, headaches and a feeling of dry or cotton mouth.CausesUnder normal circumstances, as viruses and bacteria recruit the body through the nose and mouth, they are filtered in the tonsils. The tonsils work by surrounding them with white blood cells which causes the body to develop a fever that can become extremely high in children. Should the infection become serious, the tonsils will inflame and become painful. The infection may also be put in the throat and surrounding areas, causing inflammation of the pharynx. 2 This is the area in the back of the throat that lies between the voice box and the tonsils.Tonsillitis may be caused by congregation A streptococcal bacteria, resulting in strep throat. Viral tonsillitis may be caused by numerous viruses such as the Epstein-Barr virus (the cause of infectious mononucleosis) or adenovirus.Sometimes, tonsillitis is caused by a infection of spirochaeta and treponema, in this case called Vincents angina or Plaut-Vincent angina.5Although tonsillitis is associated with infection, it is currently unknown whether the swelling and other symptoms are caused by the infectious agents themselves, or by the host immune response to these agents. Tonsillitis may be a result of aberrant immune responses to the normal bacterial flora of the nasopharynx.The viruses that cause tonsillitis are frequently the ones that frequently affect the respiratory system or subsisting. Most cases are caused by a virus and will only look tre atment of sore throat remedies that can be bought over the counter. Bacteria-caused tonsillitis, however, is treated with prescribed antibiotic medication to reduce the risk for further complications. Tonsillitis most often affects children whose tonsils are responsible for fighting infections. This is also true because as we age, our tonsils become less active. Rare cases have been diagnosed with fungi or parasites being the cause. This generally takes send in persons with weakened immune systems.There is no research to state that ingest cigarettes causes tonsillitis, however it is widely accepted that smoking weakens the immune system. Also, children and adults who live in a smoke-prone environment may be exposed to factors that could result in a tonsillectomy.TreatmentTreatments of tonsillitis consist of pain management medications and lozenges. If the tonsillitis is caused by bacteria, then antibiotics are prescribed, with penicillin being most commonly used. Erythromycin and Clarithromycin are used for patients allergic to penicillin.In many cases of tonsillitis, the pain caused by the inflamed tonsils warrants the prescription of topical anesthetics for flying relief. Viscous lidocaine solutions are often prescribed for this purpose, and anaesthetic throat lozenges containing benzocaine, lignocaine, benzydamine and flubiprofen are widely avaliable without prescription.Ibuprofen or other analgesics such as aspirin or paracetamol can help to decrease the edema and inflammation, which will ease the pain and allow the patient to swallow liquids sooner.6When tonsillitis is caused by a virus, the length of illness depends on which virus is involved. Usually, a complete recovery is made within one week however, some rare infections may last for up to two weeks.Chronic cases may indicate tonsillectomy (surgical removal of tonsils) as a choice for treatment.Additionally, gargling with a solution of warm water and salt may reduce pain and swelling. If you are s uffering from tonsilloliths (Tonsil stones) try to avoid d personal credit liney products like milk, ice cream, yogurt etc.ComplicationsAn abscess may develop lateral to the tonsil during an infection, typically several days after the onset of tonsillitis. This is termed a peritonsillar abscess (or quinsy). Rarely, the infection may spread beyond the tonsil resulting in inflammation and infection of the internal jugular vein heavy(p) rise to a spreading septicaemia infection (Lemierres syndrome).In chronic/recurrent cases (generally defined as seven episodes of tonsillitis in the preceding year, five episodes in each of the preceding two years or three episodes in each of the preceding three years), or in acute cases where the palatine tonsils become so swollen that swallowing is imp conveyed, a tonsillectomy can be performed to remove the tonsils. Patients whose tonsils have been removed are certainly still protected from infection by the alight of their immune system.Bacteria fe eding on mucus which accumulates in pits (referred to as crypts) in the tonsils may produce whitish-yellow deposits known as tonsilloliths. These may emit an spirit due to the presence of volatile sulfur compounds.Hypertrophy of the tonsils can result in snoring, mouth breathing, disturbed sleep, and obstructive sleep apnea, during which the patient stops breathing and experiences a drop in the oxygen content in the bloodstream. A tonsillectomy can be curative.In very rare cases, affections like rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis can occur. These complications are extremely rare in developed nations but remain a significant problem in poorer nationsBronchitisBronchitis is an obstructive respiratory disease that may occur in both acute and chronic forms.Acute bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchial deliverages most commonly caused by infection with bacteria or viruses. Acute bronchitis is generally a self-limiting condition in healthy individuals but can have much to a greater extent severe consequences in individuals who are weakened with other illness or who are immunocompromised. Symptoms of acute bronchitis often include productive cough, dyspnea and possible fever.Chronic bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that is most frequently associated with cigarette smoking (approximately 90% of cases). Chronic bronchitis may also be caused by prolonged picture show to inhaled particulates such as coal detritus or other pollutants. The disease is characterized by excess mucus production in the lower respiratory tract. This mucus accumulation can impair function of the ciliated epithelium and lining of the respiratory tract and prevent the clearing of debris and organisms. As a result, patients with chronic bronchitis often suffer repeated bouts of respiratory infection. Chronic bronchitis sufferers are often referred to as blue bloaters as a result of the cyanosis and peripheral edema that is often present.Manifestations of chronic bronchitisProductive, chronic coughProduction of purulent sputumFrequent respiratory infectionsdyspneaHypoxia, cyanosisSymptoms of cor pulmonaleFluid accumulation in later stagesTreatment of chronic bronchitisCessation of smoking or exposure to irritantsBronchodilators to open airway passagesExpectorants to loosen mucusAnti-inflammatories to relieve airway inflammation and reduce mucus secretion gum elastic antibiotics for respiratory infectionsOxygen therapyBronchial asthmaAsthma is a condition characterized by reversible bronchospasm and chronic inflammation of airway passages. The incidence of asthma has been steady increasing in recent years. Although the detailed etiology is still uncertain, there appears to be a definite genetic predisposition to the development of asthma.A tonality component of asthma appears to be airway hyper reactivity in affected individuals. Exposure to certain triggers can induce marked bronchospasm and airway inflammation in susceptible pa tients. Individuals with asthma appear to produce large amounts of the antibody IgE that attach to the mast cells present in many tissues. Exposure to a trigger such as pollen will result in the allergen-binding mast cell-bound IgE, which in turn causes the drop of subversive mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes and eosinophilic chemotactic factor.Some Potential Asthma TriggersAllergens Pollen, pet dander, fungi, dust mitesCold airPollutantsCigarette smokeStrong emotionsExerciseRespiratory tract infectionsClinical Classification of AsthmaMild intermittent Attacks occur 2 times per week or lessMild persistent Attacks occur more than 2 times per weekModerate persistent Attacks occur day by day or almost daily and are severe enough to affect activitySevere persistent Attacks are very frequent and persist for a long period of time attacks severely limit activityThe response of a patient with asthma to these triggers can be divided into an early figure and a late phase.Earl y phase of asthma The early phase of asthma is characterized by marked constriction of bronchial airways and bronchospasm that is accompanied by edema of the airways and the production of excess mucus. The bronchospasm that occurs may be the result of the increased release of certain inflammatory mediators such as histamine, prostaglandins and bradykinin that, in the early stages of asthmatic response, win bronchoconstriction rather than inflammation.Late phase of asthma The late phase of asthma can occur several hours after the initial onset of symptoms and manifests mainly as an inflammatory response. The primary mediators of inflammation during the asthmatic response are the white blood cells eosinophils that stimulate mast cell degranulation and release substances that attract other white cells to the area. incidental infiltration of the airway tissues with white blood cells such as neutrophils and lymphocytes also contributes to the overall inflammatory response of the late p hase of asthma.Manifestations of asthmaCoughing, wheezing obstruction breathingRapid, shallow breathingIncreased respiratory rateExcess mucus production gun barrel chest due to trapping of air in the lungsSignificant anxietyStaging of the Severity of an Acute Asthma AttackStage I (mild)Mild dyspneaDiffuse wheezingAdequate air flip-flopStage II (moderate)Respiratory distress at rest mark wheezingStage III (severe)Marked respiratory distressCyanosisMarked wheezing or absence of breath soundsStage IV (respiratory failure)Severe respiratory distress, lethargy, confusion, prominent pulsus paradoxusComplications of asthmaPossible complications of asthma can include the position of status asthmaticus, which is a life-threatening condition of prolonged bronchospasm that is often not responsive to drug therapy.Pneumothorax is also a possible consequence as a result of lung pressure increases that can result from the extreme difficulty involved in expiration during a prolonged asthma attack . Marked hypoxemia and acidosis might also occur and can result in overall respiratory failure.Treatment of asthmaThe appropriate drug treatment regimen for asthma is based on the frequency and severity of the asthma attacks and may include the followingAvoidance of triggers, and allergens.Improved ventilation of the living spaces, use of air conditioning.2. Bronchodilators(Examples albuterol, terbutaline) Short acting -adrenergic sensory receptor activators. May be administered as needed in the form of a nebulizer solution using a metered dispenser or may be given subcutaneously. These drugs occlusive bronchoconstriction but do not prevent the inflammatory response.3. Xanthine drugs(Example theophylline) Cause bronchodilation but may also inhibit the late phase of asthma. These drugs are often used orally as second-line agents in combination with other asthma therapies such as steroids. Drug like theophylline can have significant important nervous system, cardiovascular and ga strointestinal side effects that limit their overall usefulness.4. Anti-inflammatory drugs(Corticosteroids) Used orally or by inhalation to blunt the inflammatory response of asthma. The most significant unwanted effects occur with long-term oral use of corticosteroids and may include immunosuppression, increased susceptibility to infection, osteoporosis and effects on other hormones such as the glucocorticoids.5. Cromolyn sodiumAnti-inflammatory agent that blocks both the early and late phase of asthma. The mechanism of action is unclear but may involve mast cell function or responsiveness to allergens.6. Leukotriene modifiers(Example Zafirlukast) New class of agents that blocks the synthesis of the key inflammatory mediators, leukotrienes.EmphysemaEmphysema is a respiratory disease that is characterized by destruction and permanent enlargement of terminal bronchioles and alveolar air sacs. Well over 95% of all patients with emphysema were chronic cigarette smokers. Although the exact etiology of emphysema is still uncertain, it appears that chronic exposure to cigarette smoke causes chronic inflammation of the alveolar airways, which results in infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages. Excess release of protease enzymes such as trypsin from lung tissues and leukocytes can digest and destroy the elastic walls of the alveoli.Alveolar air sacs become enlarged and distended as their structure is affected and their shot lost. Levels of a protective enzyme -1-antitrypsin have been shown to be lacking in certain individuals who are chronic cigarette smokers. This enzyme inactivates destructive protease enzymes in lung tissue. In fact, a rare form of emphysema occurs in individuals who are not cigarette smokers but who have a genetic lack of -1-antitrypsin.Manifestations of emphysema The major physiological changes seen in emphysema are a loss of alveolar (lung) elasticity and a decrease in the overall surface area for gas exchange within the lungs.Manifestat ions include the followingTachypnea (increased respiratory rate) Because the increased respiratory rate in these individuals is effective in maintaining arterial blood gases, one does not usually see hypoxia or cyanosis until the end stages of the disease. Patients with emphysema are often referred to as pink puffers because of their high respiratory rates and lack of obvious cyanosis.DyspneaBarrel chest from prolonged expirationLack of purulent sputumPossible long-term consequences, including cor pulmonale, respiratory failureChronic bronchitisEmphysemaMild dyspneaDyspnea that may be severeProductive coughDry or no coughCyanosis commonCyanosis rareRespiratory infection common unparalleled infectionsOnset usually after 40 years of ageOnset usually after 50 years of ageHistory of cigarette smokingHistory of cigarette smokingCor pulmonale commonCor pulmonale in terminal stagesTypes of EmphysemaCough ReflexThe bronchi and trachea are so sensitive to light impression that very slight a mount of foreign matter or other causes of irritation initiate the cough reflex. The larynx and carina (the point where the trachea divides into the bronchi) are especially sensitive, and the terminal bronchioles and even the alveoli are sensitive to corrosive chemical stimuli such as sulphur dioxide gas or chlorine gas. Afferent nerve impulses pass from the respiratory passages mainly through the vagus nerves to the medulla of the brain. There, an automatic sequence of events is triggered by the neuronal circuits of the medulla, causing the following effect.First, up to 2.5 liters of air are rapidly inspired. Second, the epiglottis closes, and the vocal cords shut tightly to entrap the air within the lungs. Third, the abdominal muscles contract forcefully, pushing against the diaphragm while other expiratory muscles, such as the internal intercostals, also contract forcefully. Consequently, the pressure in the lungs rises rapidly to as much as c mm Hg or more. Fourth, the vocal co rds and the epiglottis suddenly open widely, so that air under this high pressure in the lungs explodes outward. Indeed, sometimes this air is expelled at velocities ranging from 75 to 100 miles per hour. Importantly, the strong compression of the lungs collapses the bronchi and trachea by causing their non-cartilaginous parts to invaginate inward, so that the exploding air actually passes through bronchial and tracheal slits. The rapidly sorrowful air usually carries with it any foreign matter that is present in the bronchi or trachea.CO PoisoningCarbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced during the fire of fuels such as gasoline, coal, oil, and wood. As you know, CO is a poison that may cause death if inhaled in more than very small quantities or for more than a short period of time. The reason CO is so toxic is that it forms a very strong and stable bond with the haemoglobin in RBCs (carboxyhemoglobin). haemoglobin with CO bonded to it cannot bond to a nd transport oxygen. The effect of CO, therefore, is to drastically decrease the amount of oxygen carried in the blood. As little as 0.1% CO in inhaled air can saturate half the total hemoglobin with CO.Lack of oxygen is often apparent in people with light skin as cyanosis, a bluish cast to the skin, lips, and nail beds. This is because hemoglobin is dark red unless something (usually oxygen) is bonded to it. When hemoglobin bonds to CO, however, it becomes a bright, cherry red. This color may be seen in light skin and may be very misleading the person with CO poisoning is in a severely hypoxic state.Although CO is found in cigarette smoke, it is present in such minute quantities that it is not lethal. Heavy smokers, however, may be in a mild but chronic hypoxic state because much of their hemoglobin is firmly bonded to CO. As compensation, RBC production may increase, and a heavy smoker may have a hematocrit over 50%.